{"id":19296,"date":"2016-04-12T10:00:24","date_gmt":"2016-04-12T06:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=19296"},"modified":"2016-04-12T16:57:41","modified_gmt":"2016-04-12T12:57:41","slug":"turkiye-cumhuriyeti-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=19296","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"turliye\"<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ya da resm\u00ee ad\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Anadolu’ya, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise Balkanlar’\u0131n uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan Trakya’ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke. Kuzeybat\u0131da Bulgaristan, bat\u0131da Yunanistan, kuzeydo\u011fuda G\u00fcrcistan, do\u011fuda Ermenistan, \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan’\u0131n ekslav topra\u011f\u0131 Nah\u00e7\u0131van, g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda ise Irak ve Suriye kom\u015fusudur. G\u00fcneyini Akdeniz, bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Ege Denizi ve kuzeyini Karadeniz \u00e7evreler. Marmara Denizi ise \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 ile birlikte Anadolu’yu Trakya’dan yani Asya’y\u0131 Avrupa’dan ay\u0131r\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa ve Asya’n\u0131n kav\u015fak noktas\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 sayesinde \u00f6nemli bir jeostratejik g\u00fcce sahiptir.[7]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki ilk yerle\u015fmeler Aiol, Dor ve \u0130yon Yunanlar\u0131, Traklar ve Persler gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli milletler taraf\u0131ndan Yontma Ta\u015f Devri’nde ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.[8][9][10][11] Ard\u0131ndan III. Aleksandros egemenli\u011fiyle birlikte Helenistik d\u00f6nem geldi, daha sonra s\u0131ras\u0131yla Roma ve Bizans d\u00f6nemleri ya\u015fand\u0131.[10][12] 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7leri sonucunda topraklar \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme hareketi ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1071 Malazgirt Muharebesi sonras\u0131nda gelen Sel\u00e7uklu zaferiyle Anadolu’daki Bizans \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.[13] Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131, Anadolu’yu 1243’teki Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kadar y\u00f6netti. \u0130stila sonras\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[14]<\/p>\n

13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131lar, Anadolu’nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa, Bat\u0131 Asya ve Kuzey Afrika \u00fczerinde topraklar\u0131 bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kurarak erken modern d\u00f6nemde Avrasya ve Afrika’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu. \u0130mparatorluk zirvesini 15. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zelikle I. S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fad\u0131. 1683 II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve 1699 Kutsal \u0130ttifak Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin Avrupa topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekili\u015fi ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu uzun bir gerileme d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fad\u0131. \u00dclkenin bir\u00e7ok alandaki yetersizli\u011fini kan\u0131tlayan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Tanzimat \u0131slahatlar\u0131, modernle\u015fmeyi sa\u011flayamad\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lmay\u0131 engelleyemedi. Osmanl\u0131, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na (1914-18) \u0130ttifak Devletleri’nin yan\u0131nda girdi ve sava\u015fta yenik d\u00fc\u015ferek y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131.[15] \u0130\u015fgalci kuvvetlere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 (1919-22) ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan 1923’te T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran demokratik, laik, \u00fcniter bir anayasal cumhuriyettir.[16][17] Resm\u00ee dili, n\u00fcfusun %85’inin ana dili olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir.[18] \u00dclkenin %70-80’ini T\u00fcrkler, geriye kalan\u0131n\u0131 Lozan’a g\u00f6re yasal olarak tan\u0131nan (Ermeniler, Rumlar ile Yahudiler) ve yasal olarak tan\u0131nmayan (Arnavutlar, Bo\u015fnaklar, \u00c7erkesler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ile K\u00fcrtler vb.) milletler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.[16][19][20][21] N\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131r.[16] Avrupa Konseyi, NATO, OECD, AG\u0130T ve G-20 topluluklar\u0131na \u00fcye olan T\u00fcrkiye, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 1963’te Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu ortak \u00fcyesi olmu\u015f, 1995’te AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi’ne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne tam \u00fcyelik m\u00fczakerelerine 2005’te ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[22] \u00dclke ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrk Konseyi, Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Te\u015fkilat\u0131, \u0130slam \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlere de \u00fcyedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomisi ve diplomatik giri\u015fimleri sayesinde b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kabul edilmektedir.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]<\/p>\n

Etimoloji<\/p>\n

\u0130lk T\u00fcrk-Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 552-744 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Orta Asya ve \u00c7in b\u00f6lgelerinde G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131yla kurulmaktad\u0131r. “T\u00fcrk” ad\u0131 bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fekli ile ilk kez G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler d\u00f6nemine ait Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131’nda ge\u00e7mektedir. \u00c7inliler o d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrklerin ad\u0131n\u0131 T\u016bju\u00e9 olarak kullan\u0131rlar. Tarih\u00e7i \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131 bir makalesinde Ceneviz ve Venedikli t\u00fcccar ve diplomatlar\u0131n, 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, T\u00fcrkiye’yi Turchia ve Turkmenia olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.[30] Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131 ilk defa 1190’da bir yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynakta, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi vak’ayinamesinde ge\u00e7mektedir.[kaynak belirtilmeli] Abdulhaluk \u00c7ay ise Turchia tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha gerilere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve Turchia tabirine ilk defa 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans kaynaklar\u0131nda rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir ve \u015f\u00f6yle der “Bu tabir 9. ve 10. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130dil\/Volga Nehri’nden Orta Avrupa’ya kadar uzanan saha i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”[kaynak belirtilmeli] Bu kullan\u0131m\u0131n Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019si, Arpad Hanedan\u0131’n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu Macar Devleti i\u00e7in Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyesi \u015feklinde oldu\u011funu ve ayn\u0131 tabirin 12. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Anadolu i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Tarihte 13-14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r Meml\u00fbkleri de T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131: “ed-devlet \u00fct T\u00fcrkiya” (1250-1387).[kaynak belirtilmeli]Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nde, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131 kullan\u0131lmad\u0131; Devlet-i \u00c2liyye, Devlet-i Osmaniye, Memalik-i \u015eahane, Diyar-\u0131 Rum adlar\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Fakat d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n zaman zaman Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu yerine T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. O d\u00f6nemde yabanc\u0131 dillerle \u00e7izilmi\u015f haritalara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu durum a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortadad\u0131r. Daha sonra, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda Osmaniye yerine T\u00fcrkistan, T\u00fcrkeli, T\u00fcrkili gibi adlar \u00f6nerildiyse de, Orta Asya’da T\u00fcrkistan adl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge oldu\u011fundan bu benimsenmedi.[\u00f6zg\u00fcn ara\u015ft\u0131rma?] Anayasada (1921) “T\u00fcrkiye”[31] ad\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1923’te cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ile devletin resmi ad\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti olarak kesinle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7e
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye tarihi
\nTarih \u00f6ncesi Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Trakya
\nAna maddeler: Tarih \u00f6ncesinde Anadolu ve Balkanlar prehistoryas\u0131
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: Eski Anadolu, Anadolu’nun antik krall\u0131klar\u0131 ve Traklar<\/p>\n

G\u00f6beklitepe’deki baz\u0131 ta\u015flar M\u00d6 12,000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda dikilmi\u015f, \u0130ngiltere’deki Stonehenge’i 10 bin y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir[32]
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Anadolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. \u00c7e\u015fitli Eski Anadolu milletleri b\u00f6lgede, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri’nin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in fethine kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.[10] Bu halklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin bir kolu olarak kabul edilen Anadolu dillerini konu\u015ftu.[33] Baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131 Hint-Avrupa dillerinin, yine eski Anadolu dillerinden olan Hitit dili ve Luvi dilinden yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.[34] Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan Do\u011fu Trakya ise k\u0131rk bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanan bir yerle\u015fim tarihine sahiptir ve b\u00f6lgenin sakinleri tar\u0131ma ba\u015flayarak milattan 6000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri’ne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.[11]<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi M\u00d6 10.000 tarihine kadar uzanan G\u00f6bekli Tepe, \u00fclke topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bilinen en eski dini yap\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerdir.[35] Ge\u00e7mi\u015finin M\u00d6 7500’e veya M\u00d6 5700’e dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lan Orta Anadolu’daki \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri ile Bak\u0131r \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’na ait \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yerle\u015fim yeridir ve en iyi korunmu\u015f Cilal\u0131 Da\u015f Devri kenti ilan edilerek Temmuz 2012’de UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miraslar\u0131 Listesi’ne dahil edilmi\u015ftir.[36] Troya antik kentinde ise Cilal\u0131 Ta\u015f Devri’nde ba\u015flayan yerle\u015fmeler, Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir.[37]<\/p>\n

Anadolu’nun bilinen ilk sakinleri, Hatti ve Hurri toplumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Hint-Avrupa milletlerinden olmayan bu iki toplum, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak M\u00d6 2300’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Orta ve Do\u011fu Anadolu’da ya\u015fad\u0131. Hatti ve Hurriler, Hint-Avrupa milletlerinden Hititler’in M\u00d6 2000-1700 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Anadolu’ya gelmesiyle yerini Hititler’e b\u0131rakt\u0131. Hititler, b\u00f6lgedeki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kurdular. Asurlular, M\u00d6 1950’den M\u00d6 612’ye kadar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye’sinin g\u00fcneydo\u011fu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 fethetti ve yerle\u015fti.[38][39] Urartular’\u0131n M\u00d6. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Asurlular’\u0131n kuzeyindeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rakibi oldu\u011fu ise Asur kitabeleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenildi.[40]<\/p>\n

Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun M\u00d6 yakla\u015f\u0131k 1180’li y\u0131llarda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Hint-Avrupa milletlerinden Friglerin kurduklar\u0131 Frigya, M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kimmerler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lara kadar Anadolu’da \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde etti.[41] Ayn\u0131 kaderi M\u00d6 714 ile M\u00d6 590 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Urartular da ya\u015fayarak par\u00e7aland\u0131.[42] Frigya’dan sonra Lidya, Karya ve Likya devletleri b\u00f6lgede g\u00fc\u00e7 yakalayarak s\u00f6z sahibi oldu.[43]<\/p>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011f ve Bizans d\u00f6nemi
\nAna maddeler: Klasik Anadolu ve Bizans Anadolusu
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Konstantinapolis<\/p>\n

6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans’\u0131n kilise olarak yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ayasofya, sonradan camiye ve m\u00fczeye \u00e7evrildi.
\nAnadolu’nun sahil \u015feridinde M\u00d6 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Aiol, \u0130yon ve Yunan yerle\u015fimleri ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu yerle\u015fimciler taraf\u0131ndan Milet, Efes, Smyrna ve Byzantium gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6nemli \u015fehir kuruldu. Son olarak Yunan koloniciler taraf\u0131ndan M\u00d6 657’de Megara kenti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Yine bu d\u00f6nemlerde, M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u015fu anki do\u011fu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde Trakya k\u00f6kenli Ermeni Orontid Hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir devlet kuruldu.[44]<\/p>\n

Anadolu, M\u00d6 6. ve 5. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Pers Ahameni\u015f \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun egemenli\u011fine girdi ve bu egemenlik M\u00d6 334 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in fethine kadar devam etti.[45] \u0130skender d\u00f6neminde k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kayna\u015fma ve Helenle\u015ftirme hareketi ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.[10] M\u00d6 323’te \u0130skender’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Anadolu b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Helenistik krall\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcm bu krall\u0131klar, M\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi.[46] B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in fetihleriyle ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Helenle\u015fme hareketi ise Roma d\u00f6neminde h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, bu nedenle daha \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda var olan Anadolu dilleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin nesli t\u00fckenerek yerini Yunan dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne b\u0131rakt\u0131.[12][47]<\/p>\n

324 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatoru I. Konstantin, imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentini Byzantium’a ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 ve \u015fehrin ad\u0131n\u0131 Nova Roma olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. I. Theodosius’un iki erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fu, babalar\u0131n\u0131n 395’te \u00f6lmesinin ard\u0131ndan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu ikiye b\u00f6lerek payla\u015ft\u0131. Halk aras\u0131nda Konstantinopolis olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015fan ba\u015fkent, Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun da ba\u015fkenti oldu. Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu daha sonraki y\u0131llarda Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda Orta \u00c7a\u011f sonuna kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.[48]<\/p>\n

Sel\u00e7uklular ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu
\nAna maddeler: Sel\u00e7uklular ve Osmanl\u0131lar
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme, Anadolu Beylikleri, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/p>\n

Konya’daki Mevl\u00e2n\u00e2 M\u00fczesi, 1274’te Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edildi. Konya, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’nin ba\u015fkentiydi.[49]
\nSel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131n\u0131k boyundan olan O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan sonra \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00e7evrelerine daha yak\u0131n yerlerde ikamet ettiler, 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hazar Denizi ve Aral G\u00f6l\u00fc’n\u00fcn kuzeyine yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.[50] 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sel\u00e7uklular, Pers yurdunu da s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine katarak atalar\u0131n\u0131n vatan\u0131 Orta Asya’dan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti’ni kurdular.[51]<\/p>\n

11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular, Anadolu’nun do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015fmeye ve ak\u0131nlar yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1071’de Sultan Alp Arslan d\u00f6neminde, Sel\u00e7uklu T\u00fcrkleri ve Bizans aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi’nden sonra gelen Sel\u00e7uklu zaferiyle Anadolu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme hareketi ba\u015flad\u0131.[52] Bu hareketle birlikte Anadolu’da T\u00fcrk dilleri ve \u0130slam tan\u0131t\u0131larak yayg\u0131n h\u00e2le geldi. B\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lgede yayg\u0131n olan Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Yunanca, yerini yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0130slam dini ve T\u00fcrk dillerine b\u0131rakt\u0131.[52]<\/p>\n

1243’te K\u00f6seda\u011f Muharebesi sonras\u0131nda Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti ordular\u0131 Mo\u011fol ordular\u0131na yenilince devlet par\u00e7aland\u0131. Yerine ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck T\u00fcrk beylikleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu beyliklerden biri olan Osman Gazi’nin beyli\u011fi, sonraki iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek Anadolu, Balkanlar, Kuzey Afrika ve Levant’\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na alan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu h\u00e2line geldi. 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Padi\u015fah Fatih Sultan Mehmet d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fan\u0131rken Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun ba\u015fkenti Konstantinopolis ele ge\u00e7irildi ve imparatorluk tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[53]<\/p>\n

Topkap\u0131 ve Dolmabah\u00e7e saraylar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131na s\u0131ras\u0131yla 1465-1856 y\u0131llar\u0131 ile 1856-1922 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.[54][55]
\n1514 y\u0131l\u0131nda I. Selim (1512\u20131520), \u00c7ald\u0131ran Muharebesi’nde Safev\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eah \u0130smail’i yenerek imparatorlu\u011fun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geni\u015fletti. 1517’de Levant, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Cezayir’i ele ge\u00e7irdi. Ayr\u0131ca K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz’e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu ve Meml\u00fbk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 y\u0131karak halifeli\u011fin Osmanl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131’na ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz, Umman Denizi ve Basra K\u00f6rfezi \u00fczerinde Osmanl\u0131 ve Portekiz imparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Hint Okyanusu’nda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli deniz muharebeleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. Portekizlilerin Hindistan \u00fczerinde egemenlik sa\u011flamas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131land\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndaki Co\u011frafi Ke\u015fifler sayesinde \u00dcmit Burnu ve Amerika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesi, Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n elinde tuttu\u011fu Do\u011fu Asya ile Bat\u0131 Avrupa aras\u0131nda ticareti sa\u011flayan eski ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini yitirmesine neden olup Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015fti.[56]<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u00f6zellikle Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman (1520-1566) d\u00f6neminde tarihinin zirvesine ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde bat\u0131da Kutsal Roma Cermen \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na do\u011fru topraklar geni\u015fletilerek Balkanlar’\u0131n tamam\u0131, Orta Avrupa ve Lehistan’\u0131n g\u00fcney k\u0131sm\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irildi.[57] Osmanl\u0131 Donanmas\u0131, denizde \u00e7e\u015fitli rekabetlere girerek ba\u015far\u0131lar kazand\u0131. 1538’de yap\u0131lan Preveze Deniz Muharebesi’nde Barbaros Hayreddin Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar’\u0131 ma\u011flup etmesinden sonra imparatorlu\u011fun Akdeniz’deki kontrol\u00fc artt\u0131. Do\u011fuda ise Safev\u00ee Devleti ile mezhep farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve toprak anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar zaman zaman sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek 16. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131nda devam etti.[58]<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen R\u00f6nesans, Bilimsel Devrim, Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ve Sanayi Devrimi gibi yeni geli\u015fmeleri \u00fclkesine getiremeyerek \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisinde kald\u0131.[59] Kutsal \u0130ttifak Sava\u015flar\u0131’n\u0131n bitmesiyle 1699’da imzalanan Karlof\u00e7a Antla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu yava\u015f\u00e7a gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yap\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok \u0131slahat ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ilan edilen Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 \u00fclkenin modernle\u015fmesini ama\u00e7lad\u0131, ancak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkede toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen, farkl\u0131 din\u00ee ve etnik k\u00f6kenlere sahip ki\u015filerin bir arada ya\u015famas\u0131 fikrini i\u00e7eren Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131 da ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famayarak da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7emedi.[60] 1854’te K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ilk kez d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmaya gitti, ancak al\u0131nan bor\u00e7lar \u00f6denemedi. Sonraki yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek seviyelere ula\u015farak ekonominin iflas\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelmesine sebep oldu ve Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetini zor durumda b\u0131rakt\u0131.[61] Bunu 1875-78 Do\u011fu Krizi ve 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 gibi felaketler izledi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemeyerek harap duruma gelince alacakl\u0131 \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan 1881’de, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n tahsilat\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak D\u00fcyun-u Umumiye kuruldu. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 devletinin gelirlerinin kontrol\u00fc alacakl\u0131 \u00fclkelerin eline ge\u00e7ti.[62] 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sanayile\u015fememi\u015f geli\u015fmemi\u015f bir \u00fclke konumuna geldi.[63]<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun topraklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc ve zenginlik d\u00fczeyi giderek azal\u0131nca Balkanlar’da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri eziyetler sebebiyle Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[64] Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi sonucunda buradaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da Anadolu’ya geldi.[65] \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun yine son zamanlar\u0131nda milliyet\u00e7ilik isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla milletler aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik gerginlikler ya\u015fand\u0131, bu etnik gerginlikler Ermeni Sorunu gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.[66] Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid’in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otoriter y\u00f6netimine bir tepki olarak geli\u015fen J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk hareketinin 1908’de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimle II. Me\u015frutiyet ilan edildi.[67] Ard\u0131ndan 5 Ekim 1908’de Bulgaristan’\u0131n resmen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 ve 6 Ekim 1908’de Avusturya-Macaristan’\u0131n Bosna’y\u0131 tek tarafl\u0131 ilhak\u0131 \u00fclkedeki kaos ortam\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc. Bu olaylar\u0131, pek \u00e7ok can\u0131n ve topra\u011f\u0131n kayb\u0131na sebep olan Trablusgarp Sava\u015f\u0131 (1911-12) ile Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1912-13) izledi. 23 Ocak 1913’te, I. Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen B\u00e2b-\u0131 \u00c2li Bask\u0131n\u0131, diktat\u00f6r \u00dc\u00e7 Pa\u015falar’\u0131 ba\u015fa getirdi ve y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na \u0130ttifak Devletleri’nin yan\u0131nda girdi ve sava\u015ftan yenik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermenilerle ya\u015fanan etnik gerginliklerin t\u0131rmanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Tehcir Kanunu’yla Ermeniler, Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi’nden Suriye’ye devlet eliyle g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildi. G\u00f6\u00e7lerde farkl\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re 300.000 ile 1.500.000 aras\u0131nda Ermeni hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Bu \u00f6l\u00fcmler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklar taraf\u0131ndan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131.[68][69][70][71] T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 ise olaylar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederek Ermenilerin yaln\u0131zca yerlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini belirtti.[72] Ermenilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra imparatorlukta sava\u015f devam ederken Rum ve S\u00fcryanilerin de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edildi.[73] Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan imparatorlu\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 milletler ayr\u0131larak \u00e7e\u015fitli yeni devletler kurdular.[74][75][76][77] 30 Ekim 1918’de Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u0130tilaf Devletleri ile Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. 10 A\u011fustos 1920’de imzalanan Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ise Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ancak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giremedi.[53]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn Devrimleri<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu ve ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.
\nI. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bitiminde imzalanan Mondros’tan sonra \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgali, T\u00fcrk Ulusal Hareketi’ni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.[78] \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimlerinden biri olan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n, 19 May\u0131s 1919’da Samsun’a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u015fartlar\u0131 iptal edip Misak-\u0131 Mill\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan \u00fclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131.[79]<\/p>\n

18 Eyl\u00fcl 1922 itibar\u0131yla \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetleri kovuldu ve Nisan 1920’den beri kendisini \u00fclkenin me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ilan eden Ankara merkezli T\u00fcrk rejimi, eski Osmanl\u0131’dan gelen sistemi yasalla\u015ft\u0131rarak yeni cumhuriyet\u00e7i siyasi sisteme ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1 Kas\u0131m’da T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, saltanat\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve 623 y\u0131ll\u0131k monar\u015fik Osmanl\u0131 resmen tarih sahnesinden silindi. 24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalanan Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun devam\u0131 niteli\u011findeki yeni T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve 29 Ekim 1923’te yeni ba\u015fkent Ankara’da resmen cumhuriyet ilan edildi.[80][81] Lozan sonras\u0131nda antla\u015fma maddeleri gere\u011fince yap\u0131lan T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi kapsam\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’deki 1,1 milyon Rum ile Yunanistan’daki 380 bin T\u00fcrk yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.[82]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu ve ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Mustafa Kemal, eski Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk devletini yeni bir laik cumhuriyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme amac\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir\u00e7ok devrim yapt\u0131.[83] T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi, 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan Soyad\u0131 Kanunu ile kendisine “Atat\u00fcrk” soyad\u0131n\u0131 verdi.[84]<\/p>\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda T\u00fcrkiye, uzun s\u00fcre tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korudu ancak sava\u015f\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda, 23 \u015eubat 1945’te M\u00fcttefik Devletler’in yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. 26 Haziran 1945’te ise Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’in kurucu \u00fcyelerinden biri oldu.[85] II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Yunanistan’da \u00e7\u0131kan kom\u00fcnist isyan\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan zorluklar ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131’nda askeri \u00fcs talep etmesi, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin 1947’de Truman Doktrini’ni ilan\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Doktrin, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layarak askeri ve ekonomik destek sa\u011flad\u0131. Her iki \u00fclke de 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa ekonomisinin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in Marshall Plan\u0131 ve OEEC’ye dahil edildi,[86] daha sonra 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda OECD’nin kurucu \u00fcyesi haline geldi.[87]<\/p>\n

Kore Sava\u015f\u0131’na Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler kuvvetleri ile birlikte kat\u0131lan T\u00fcrkiye, 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda NATO’ya kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Sovyet yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Akdeniz’deki bir siper durumuna geldi. 15 Temmuz 1974’te K\u0131br\u0131s’ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen darbe, EOKA-B’nin faaliyetleri, Enosis (aday\u0131 Yunanistan ile birle\u015ftirme) planlar\u0131 ve ya\u015fanan toplumlar aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n t\u0131rmanmas\u0131 sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye, 20 Temmuz 1974’te adaya asker \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.[88] Dokuz y\u0131l sonra Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti kurularak ada ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc ancak \u00fclke yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nd\u0131.[89]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin tek partili d\u00f6nemi, 1946’da son buldu. Ard\u0131ndan gelen \u00e7ok partili demokrasi d\u00f6nemi 1960, 1971, 1980 ve 1997 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahalelerle kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131.[90][91] 1980’li y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin liberalle\u015ftirilmesinden bu yana \u00fclke ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve siyasi istikrar yakalad\u0131.[92] 1984’ten itibaren K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc PKK, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanma ve sald\u0131r\u0131 kampanyalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131, taraflar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda resm\u00ee verilere g\u00f6re 40 binden fazla insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.[93] 3 binden fazla K\u00fcrt k\u00f6y\u00fc T\u00fcrk g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ld\u0131 ve binlerce K\u00fcrt yurdundan edildi.[94] Ayr\u0131ca K\u00fcrtler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan baz\u0131 siyasi partiler kapat\u0131ld\u0131.[95] 2012’de taraflar aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri ba\u015flad\u0131[96][97] ancak 2015’te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sona erdi ve yeniden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma h\u00e2line d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc.[98] 2013’te Gezi Park\u0131’ndaki d\u00fczenlemeler nedeniyle ba\u015flayan protestolar, daha sonra h\u00fck\u00fbmet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 protestolara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek bir\u00e7ok ilde patlak verdi ancak h\u00fck\u00fbmet taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.[99] \u00dclkede Haziran 2015 genel se\u00e7imleri sonras\u0131nda Suru\u00e7’ta, Ankara’da (ilki Ekim 2015’te, ikincisi \u015eubat 2016’da, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc Mart 2016’da) ve Sultanahmet’te d\u00fczenlenen bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar onlarca sivilin can\u0131na m\u00e2l oldu.[100]<\/p>\n

\u0130dari b\u00f6l\u00fcmler
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’nin idari b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc
\nDaha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in: T\u00fcrkiye’nin co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeleri, T\u00fcrkiye’nin illeri, T\u00fcrkiye’nin il\u00e7eleri, ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u0130BBS’si
\nT\u00fcrkiye, idari a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fcniter bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir ve bu durum T\u00fcrk kamu y\u00f6netimine \u015fekil veren en \u00f6nemli etkenlerdendir. Devletin temel i\u015fleyi\u015findeki \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fc\u00e7 olan yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yerel y\u00f6netimlerin hemen hemen herhangi bir g\u00fcc\u00fc yoktur. \u0130llerin ve di\u011fer birimlerin y\u00f6netimi, merkezi y\u00f6netimden sonra gelir. Yerel y\u00f6netimler yaln\u0131zca bulunduklar\u0131 yerde hizmet vermek amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130llerin ba\u015f\u0131nda valiler, il\u00e7elerin ba\u015f\u0131nda kaymakamlar y\u00f6netici olarak g\u00f6revlidir. Vali ve kaymakam\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, merkezi y\u00f6netimi ve belediye ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan atanan di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey yetkililer de vard\u0131r.[101]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin ba\u015fkenti Ankara’d\u0131r. \u00dclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck idari birimleri illerdir ve 81 il vard\u0131r. Bu iller il\u00e7elere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, toplamda 923 il\u00e7e mevcuttur.[102] Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclke co\u011frafi, demografik ve ekonomik ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak 7 b\u00f6lge ve 21 alt b\u00f6lgeye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak bu b\u00f6lgeler herhangi bir idari yap\u0131y\u0131 temsil etmemektedir.[103]<\/p>\n

Siyaset
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’de siyaset
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’de se\u00e7imler
\nRecep Tayyip Erdo\u011fanCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\t\tRecep Tayyip Erdo\u011fanCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131
\nRecep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan
\nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131
\nAhmet Davuto\u011flu
\nBa\u015fbakan
\nT\u00fcrkiye, parlamenter temsil\u00ee demokrasinin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan bu yana \u00fclkenin laikli\u011fi \u00f6nemli konulardan biridir.[104] T\u00fcrkiye’nin anayasas\u0131, \u00fclkenin yasal sistemini ortaya koyar. H\u00fck\u00fbmetin temel ilkelerini i\u00e7erir ve \u00fcniter bir merkezi devlet olarak T\u00fcrkiye’yi tan\u0131mlar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r ancak genellikle sembolik bir role sahiptir. Be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k aral\u0131klarla yap\u0131lan do\u011frudan se\u00e7imlerle g\u00f6reve gelir. Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, \u00fclkenin halk oylamas\u0131yla se\u00e7ilen ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve Bakanlar Kurulu’nun ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fbakan vard\u0131r. Yasama g\u00f6revi \u00fclkenin tek parlamentosu olan T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi’ne aittir. Yarg\u0131, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, yap\u0131lan yasalar\u0131n ve al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n anayasa ile uygunlu\u011funu denetlemekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dan\u0131\u015ftay, idari davalar i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulabilecek en son mahkemedir. Yarg\u0131tay ise karar ve h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin son inceleme merciidir.[105]<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fbakan, genellikle parlamentoda en fazla sandalyeye sahip olan partinin ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fclkenin h\u00fck\u00fbmetini olu\u015fturmakla g\u00f6revlidir, bu h\u00fck\u00fbmet ise g\u00fcvenoyu toplamak zorundad\u0131r. Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 \u00f6nceki ba\u015fbakan Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan, 2011 genel se\u00e7imleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 kez halk oylar\u0131yla ba\u015fbakan se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.[106] AK Parti 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan genel se\u00e7imlerde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 %49.5 oy oran\u0131 ve 317 sandalye say\u0131s\u0131 ile mecliste \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa sahiptir. \u015eu anki ba\u015fbakan Ahmet Davuto\u011flu’dur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya TBMM Ba\u015fkan\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin yasama organ\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi’nin ba\u015fkan\u0131na denir. T\u00fcrkiye’nin 26 TBMM Ba\u015fkan\u0131, 1 Temsilciler Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve 1 Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Mevcut Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi \u0130stanbul milletvekili \u0130smail Kahraman’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Her iki cinsiyet i\u00e7in genel oy hakk\u0131, 1933 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana T\u00fcrkiye genelinde uygulanmaktad\u0131r ve 18 ya\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015f her T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahiptir. T\u00fcrkiye’de 85 se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi vard\u0131r ve bu se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinden aday olan 25 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc ki\u015filerden 550 tanesi d\u00f6rt y\u0131l aral\u0131klarla liste usul\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funluk se\u00e7im sistemi yoluyla milletvekili olarak se\u00e7ilir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, laiklik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 veya ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siyasi partilerin kamu finansman\u0131n\u0131 veya tamamen varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.[107][108] \u00dclkede %10 se\u00e7im baraj\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 vard\u0131r.[109]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de \u0130slamc\u0131lar ve Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimleri destekleyen Kemalistler, kamu hayat\u0131nda dinin uygun rol\u00fc konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fayan iki u\u00e7 taraft\u0131r.[110] Kemalistler, laik anayasal demokrasinin ve bat\u0131l\u0131 laik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n savunucusu konumundad\u0131rlar. Ekonomi, e\u011fitim ve di\u011fer kamu hizmetlerinde ise devlet m\u00fcdahalesinin destek\u00e7isidirler.[110]<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan haklar\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de insan haklar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 ortamda k\u0131namalara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1998 ve 2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 olmak \u00fczere genel insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ihlalleri nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye aleyhinde 1.600 karar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda K\u00fcrt haklar\u0131, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi di\u011fer konular da tart\u0131\u015fmalara sebep olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye’nin insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerindeki sicili, AB \u00fcyeli\u011fine bir engel te\u015fkil etmeye devam etmektedir.[111] Gazetecileri Koruma Komitesi’ne g\u00f6re uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten AKP h\u00fck\u00fbmeti, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan birini uygulamaktad\u0131r.[112] \u00dclkede \u00e7ok say\u0131da gazeteci Ergenekon ve Balyoz davalar\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli davalar kapsam\u0131nda “ter\u00f6rizm” ve “devlet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 faaliyetler” ile su\u00e7lanarak tutukland\u0131. “T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak” ve “yarg\u0131y\u0131 etkilemek” su\u00e7lar\u0131yla da gazetecilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kovu\u015fturmalar ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131, ayr\u0131ca h\u00fck\u00fbmetin bas\u0131ndaki oto-sans\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7selle\u015ftirdi\u011fi iddia edildi.[112] 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gazetecileri Koruma Komitesi, T\u00fcrkiye’de 211 gazetecinin hapse at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 rapor ederek \u00fclkenin bu rakamla en fazla gazeteci tutuklayan \u00fclke s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u0130ran, Eritre ve \u00c7in’i ge\u00e7erek tepeye yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fini bildirdi.[113] Freemuse ise dokuz m\u00fczisyenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden hapse at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyerek m\u00fczisyenlerin hapsedilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise \u00fclkenin Rusya ve \u00c7in’den sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[114] Eski bir ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Philip J. Crowley, \u00fclkesinin “T\u00fcrkiye’de gazetecilere y\u00f6nelik tehdit i\u00e7eren e\u011filimler hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 endi\u015felerinin oldu\u011funu” belirtmi\u015ftir.[115] T\u00fcrkiye, Freedom House taraf\u0131ndan ‘K\u0131smen \u00d6zg\u00fcr’ s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir.[116]<\/p>\n

Hukuk
\nAna maddeler: T\u00fcrkiye’de yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki kolluk kuvvetleri
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de, tamam\u0131 Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131yla uyumlu h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015f olan bir hukuk sistemi vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu, \u0130svi\u00e7re’den al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Medeni Kanun, \u0130svi\u00e7re’nin medeni kanununun T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne uyarlanmas\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130dare Hukuku kurallar\u0131 Fransa’daki muadili ile benzerlikler ta\u015f\u0131r, Ceza Kanunu ise \u0130talya’dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[117]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi benimsemi\u015ftir. Bu ilke do\u011frultusunda, yarg\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc T\u00fcrk milleti ad\u0131na yaln\u0131zca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemeler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131labilir. Mahkemelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kurulu\u015fu, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcreleri boyunca g\u00fcvenliklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n denetlenmesi, asker\u00ee mahkemeler ve kurulu\u015fu, y\u00fcksek mahkemelerin yetki ve g\u00f6revleri T\u00fcrkiye Anayasas\u0131 ile belirlenir.[118]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n 142. maddesine g\u00f6re mahkemelerin kurulu\u015fu, g\u00f6rev ve yetkileri, i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile yarg\u0131lama usulleri kanunla d\u00fczenlenir. Bu yasada ve ilgili di\u011fer anayasa maddeleri do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrkiye’deki mahkeme sistemi \u00fc\u00e7 ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131r: Yarg\u0131 Mahkemeleri, \u0130dare Mahkemeler ve Asker\u00ee Mahkemeler. Her ba\u015fl\u0131k, birinci derece mahkemeler ile y\u00fcksek maddeleri b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dclkedeki adli, idari ve askeri yarg\u0131 mercileri aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rev ve h\u00fck\u00fcm uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemek i\u00e7in Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi kurulmu\u015ftur.[118]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de kolluk kuvvetleri Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve Jandarma Genel Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli birimlere ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu kolluk kuvvetleri T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na veya \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hareket ederler. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Kas\u0131m 2008’de a\u00e7\u0131klanan rakamlara g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye cezaevlerinde bulunun ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 100.000’i a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu rakam 2000’lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki say\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131d\u0131r.[119]<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkileri<\/p>\n

1963’ten bu yana AET’nin ortak \u00fcyesi olan ve 1995’te AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi’ne kat\u0131lan T\u00fcrkiye, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne tam \u00fcyelik m\u00fczakerelerine ba\u015flad\u0131.[22]
\nT\u00fcrkiye, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (1945),[120] OECD (1961),[121] \u0130slam \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (1969),[122] AG\u0130T (1973),[123] E\u0130T (1985),[124] KE\u0130 (1992),[125] D-8 (1997)[126] ve G-20 (1999)[127] gibi uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin kurucu \u00fcyelerinden birisidir. 1951-1952, 1954-1955, 1961 ve son olarak 2009-2010 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi’nde ge\u00e7ici \u00fcye olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[128]<\/p>\n

Geleneksel Bat\u0131 y\u00f6nelimi do\u011frultusunda, Avrupa ile ili\u015fkiler her zaman T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n merkez\u00ee bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Konseyi’ne \u00fcye olan \u00fclke, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu (sonradan Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc) ile ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi kurdu. Uzun y\u0131llar devam eden siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan, 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda AET’ye tam \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurdu, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin ortak \u00fcyesi oldu, 1995’te AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi’ne kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Birli\u011fi ile tam \u00fcyelik m\u00fczakerelerine ba\u015flad\u0131.[22] T\u00fcrkiye’nin K\u0131br\u0131s Sorunu’nda AB \u00fcyelerinin aksine Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti’ni desteklemesi, AB ili\u015fkilerini zorla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve \u00fclkenin AB’ye \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecindeki \u00f6nemli bir engel olmaya devam etmektedir.[129] Bug\u00fcn, Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyeli\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan stratejik bir hedef ve devlet politikas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.[130][131][132][133]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin bir di\u011fer belirleyici unsuru Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ile ili\u015fkiler olmu\u015ftur. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ortak tehdit sebebiyle T\u00fcrkiye, 1952’de NATO’ya \u00fcye oldu ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f boyunca Washington h\u00fck\u00fbmetleri ile yak\u0131n ikili ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde bulundu. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne \u00fcyelik gibi \u00f6nemli konular da dahil olmak \u00fczere Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin siyasi, ekonomik ve diplomatik deste\u011finden yararland\u0131.[134] So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye’nin jeostratejik \u00f6nemi, \u00e7evresinde bulunan Orta Do\u011fu, Kafkasya ve Balkan co\u011frafyalar\u0131na do\u011fru kayd\u0131.[135]<\/p>\n

1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elde ettiler. T\u00fcrkiye, \u00d6n ve Orta Asya’da bulunan bu cumhuriyetler ile ikili ili\u015fkilerini, aralar\u0131nda bulunan derin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dilsel ba\u011f sebebiyle ilerletme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girdi.[136] \u00d6zellikle Azerbaycan, T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkilerinin \u00f6nemini vurgulad\u0131.[137][138] Bak\u00fc’den Ceyhan’a uzanan Bak\u00fc-Tiflis-Ceyhan Petrol Boru Hatt\u0131 (BTC), Hazar Denizi’ndeki petrol\u00fc k\u00fcresel pazara aktarmay\u0131 sa\u011flamakta ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin d\u0131\u015f politika stratejisinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.[139] Azerbaycan’\u0131n Ermenistan ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karaba\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Azerbaycan’\u0131 destekleyen T\u00fcrkiye, sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndan bu yana Ermenistan ile var olan s\u0131n\u0131r kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapal\u0131 tutmaktad\u0131r.[140] G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde AK Parti h\u00fck\u00fbmeti d\u00f6nemi, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Yeni Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin etkisi stratejik konumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Ortado\u011fu’da artt\u0131.[141][142] Bu politikalar T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00e7evresindeki Arap \u00fclkeleriyle sorunlar ya\u015famas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Suriye \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Suriye ile, Muhammed Mursi’nin devrilmesinden sonra M\u0131s\u0131r ile T\u00fcrkiye’nin aras\u0131 bozuldu.[143][144]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 1950’den bu yana Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ve NATO b\u00fcnyesi dahilinde uluslararas\u0131 alanda \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Somali ile eski Yugoslavya’da bar\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve Birinci K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131’nda koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerini desteklemi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olsa da Kuzey K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyeti topraklar\u0131nda 36.000 askerini bulundurmaktad\u0131r.[145] Afganistan’da Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin istikrar g\u00fcc\u00fc, BM yetkilisi ve 2001’den bu yana NATO komutas\u0131 alt\u0131nda Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00fcvenlik Yard\u0131m Kuvveti’nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bulunmaktad\u0131r.[146] 2003’ten beri T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa Kolordusu’na asker\u00ee personel sa\u011flamakta ve AB Sava\u015f Gruplar\u0131’nda yer almaktad\u0131r.[147]<\/p>\n

Ordu
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri, ABD Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri’nden sonra NATO’nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci asker\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye, 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda NATO’ya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[148]
\nT\u00fcrkiye’nin silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri, NATO \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ABD Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri’nden sonra gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr ve 2011 NATO say\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re tahmini 495.000 konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131labilir kuvveti bulunmaktad\u0131r.[149] Almanya, Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda ve \u0130talya ile birlikte NATO’nun n\u00fckleer payla\u015f\u0131m politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan be\u015f \u00fclkeden biridir.[150] \u0130ncirlik Hava \u00dcss\u00fc’nde toplam 90 tane B61 n\u00fckleer bombas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r, bunlardan 40 tanesi n\u00fckleer bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma durumunda NATO’dan onay almak \u015fart\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Hava Kuvvetleri’nin kullanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tahsis edilmi\u015ftir.[151]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur: Kara Kuvvetleri, Deniz Kuvvetleri ve Hava Kuvvetleri. \u0130\u00e7 emniyeti sa\u011flama ve askeri i\u015flevleri olan Jandarma ile Sahil G\u00fcvenlik, bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na, sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda Kara ve Deniz kuvvetlerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.[152]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri’ni komuta edip y\u00f6nlendiren en \u00fcst d\u00fczey birim olan Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131, cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan atan\u0131r ve ba\u015fbakana kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur. Bakanlar Kurulu, mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik ve \u00fclke savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda meclise kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludur. Ancak sava\u015f ilan etme, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere asker g\u00f6nderme veya d\u0131\u015f \u00fclke askerlerinin T\u00fcrkiye’ye konu\u015flanmas\u0131na izin verme yetkileri yaln\u0131zca meclise aittir.[152]<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu olmayan her erkek T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim durumu ve i\u015f yerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7 hafta ile bir y\u0131l aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine asker\u00ee hizmet yapmas\u0131 zorunludur.[153] T\u00fcrkiye’de vicdan\u00ee ret uygulamas\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r ve askerlik yerine sivil bir alternatif sunulmamaktad\u0131r.[154]<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafya
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye co\u011frafyas\u0131<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin topo\u011frafik haritas\u0131.
\nT\u00fcrkiye, iki k\u0131tada topra\u011f\u0131 bulunan bir Avrasya \u00fclkesidir.[155] Topraklar\u0131n\u0131n %97’si Asya \u00fczerinde bulunur ve bu k\u0131s\u0131m Anadolu diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kalan %3’l\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131m ise Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda kal\u0131r ve Do\u011fu Trakya diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Marmara Denizi, \u00c7anakkale ve \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 Anadolu’yu Trakya’dan, Asya’y\u0131 Avrupa’dan ay\u0131r\u0131r.[156][157]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 kabaca bir dikd\u00f6rtgen \u015feklini and\u0131r\u0131r, 1.600 kilometre (1.000 mi) uzunlu\u011funda ve 800 km (500 mi) geni\u015fli\u011findedir.[158] 36\u00b0 ve 42\u00b0 kuzey paralelleri ile 26\u00b0 ve 45\u00b0 do\u011fu meridyenleri aras\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6lleriyle birlikte 783.562 kilometre karelik (300,948 sq mi) bir alan\u0131 kaplar.[159] Bunun 755.688 kilometre karesi (291.773 sq mi) Asya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, geriye kalan 23.764 kilometre karesi (9.174 sq mi) Avrupa topraklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.[158] Bu rakamlarla, y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 37. \u00fclkesidir. \u00dc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrilidir. Bat\u0131s\u0131nda Ege Denizi, kuzeyinde Karadeniz ve g\u00fcneyinde Akdeniz bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda ise Marmara Denizi yer al\u0131r.[160]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa’daki k\u0131sm\u0131 olan Do\u011fu Trakya’da Yunanistan ve Bulgaristan ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Asya’daki k\u0131sm\u0131 olan Anadolu’da ise dar k\u0131y\u0131 ovalar\u0131yla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f y\u00fcksek bir merkezi platodur. Kuzeyde K\u00f6ro\u011flu ve Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131 ile, g\u00fcneyde Toros Da\u011flar\u0131 ile \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye’nin do\u011fusuna gidildik\u00e7e y\u00fckselti artar ve buras\u0131 F\u0131rat, Dicle, Aras gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli nehirlerin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 5.137 metre (16.854 ft) y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki T\u00fcrkiye’nin en y\u00fcksek da\u011f\u0131 olan A\u011fr\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131 ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fc olan Van G\u00f6l\u00fc de Do\u011fu Anadolu’da yer al\u0131r.[160][161] T\u00fcrkiye, Anadolu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kuzeydo\u011fuda G\u00fcrcistan, do\u011fuda Ermenistan, Azerbaycan’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Nah\u00e7\u0131van \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti ve \u0130ran, g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda Irak ve Suriye ile kom\u015fudur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, yedi co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlar Akdeniz, Do\u011fu Anadolu, Ege, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Karadeniz ve Marmara b\u00f6lgeleridir. Dar bir kemere benzeyen Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi, Kuzey Anadolu boyunca d\u00fczensiz bir \u015fekilde uzan\u0131r ve \u00fclkenin toplam y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131da birini olu\u015fturur. Geleneksel bir e\u011filim olarak, do\u011fuya do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e engebenin artmas\u0131na paralel olarak yaylac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.[160]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin yer \u015fekillerinin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r b\u00f6lgenin arazisini \u015fekillendiren yerin hareketlili\u011finin bir sonucudur. \u00dczerinde s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f volkanlar bulundurur ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 daha s\u0131kl\u0131kla depremler meydana gelmektedir. \u00c7anakkale ve \u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazlar\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkedeki fay hatlar\u0131na bor\u00e7ludurlar. \u00dclkenin kuzeyinde ve do\u011fusunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de depremlere sebep olan b\u00fcy\u00fck fay hatlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinde 1999’da meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck Marmara depremi, binlerce insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur.[43]<\/p>\n

Biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik
\nAna maddeler: T\u00fcrkiye floras\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye faunas\u0131
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131<\/p>\n

Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131’ndaki S\u00fcmela Manast\u0131r\u0131. Bu da\u011flar, \u0131l\u0131man ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131, flora ve faunalar\u0131yla birlikte bir ekolojik b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturur.
\nT\u00fcrkiye’nin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ekosistemi ve habitat \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, \u00fclkede \u00f6nemli bir t\u00fcr \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[162] Anadolu, \u00fczerinde tar\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren bir\u00e7ok bitkinin anavatan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu bitkiler T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’nin faunas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, floras\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finden bile b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. T\u00fcm Avrupa genelindeki hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 60.000 iken, bu rakam T\u00fcrkiye’de 80.000’den fazlad\u0131r ve alt t\u00fcrler dahil edildi\u011finde 100.000’i ge\u00e7mektedir.[163]<\/p>\n

Kuzey Anadolu kozalakl\u0131 ve yaprak d\u00f6ken kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ormanlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin kuzeyindeki Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaplar ve bir ekolojik b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturur. Bu da\u011flar\u0131n do\u011fu ucunda Kafkasya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ormanlar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. B\u00f6lge ayr\u0131ca Avrasya yaban hayat\u0131na da ev sahipli\u011fi yapar. Baya\u011f\u0131 atmaca, kaya kartal\u0131, \u015fah kartal, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck orman kartal\u0131, kafkas kara orman tavu\u011fu, kara iskete ve duvar t\u0131rma\u015f\u0131k ku\u015fu gibi hayvanlar burada ya\u015far.[164] Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Karadeniz aras\u0131ndaki dar k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinde, D\u00fcnya’da az say\u0131da bulunan \u0131l\u0131man ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Euxine-Kol\u015fik yaprak d\u00f6ken ormanlar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r.[165]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de 40 tane mill\u00ee park, 189 tane do\u011fal park, 31 tane do\u011fal koruma alan\u0131, 80 tane yaban hayat\u0131n\u0131 koruma alan\u0131 ve 109 tane do\u011fal an\u0131t bulunur. Gelibolu Yar\u0131madas\u0131 Tarih\u00ee Mill\u00ee Park\u0131, Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131 Mill\u00ee Park\u0131, Antik Troya Mill\u00ee Park\u0131, \u00d6l\u00fcdeniz Do\u011fal Park\u0131 ve Polenezk\u00f6y Do\u011fal Park\u0131 bunlara \u00f6rnektir.[166]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin ba\u015fkenti Ankara, kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Ankara kedisi, Ankara tav\u015fan\u0131 ve Ankara ke\u00e7isi gibi hayvanlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00dclkenin di\u011fer ulusal sembollerinden biri ise Van kedisidir ve ad\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu Anadolu’da yer alan Van ilinden al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye’ye has \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00f6pek t\u00fcrleri de vard\u0131r: Anadolu \u00e7oban k\u00f6pe\u011fi, kangal, Aksaray Malakl\u0131s\u0131 ve Akba\u015f.[167]<\/p>\n

\u0130klim
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’deki iklim \u00e7e\u015fitleri<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin iklim grafi\u011fi[168]
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 iklim tipine rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Genel anlamda Ege Denizi ile Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen Akdeniz ikliminde yazlar s\u0131cak ve kurak, k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u0131l\u0131k ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.[168] Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc makidir. Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir \u0131l\u0131man okyanus iklim tipi olan Karadeniz ikliminde her mevsim ya\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir, do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ormand\u0131r. Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin y\u0131l boyunca y\u00fcksek ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan tek b\u00f6lgesidir ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u0131ll\u0131k 2000-2500 milimetre ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ege Denizi ile Karadeniz’i birbirine ba\u011flayan Marmara Denizi’nin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f iklimi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir; denizin g\u00fcneyinde Akdeniz, kuzeyinde Karadeniz ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda Karasal iklime rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Marmara ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde hemen hemen her y\u0131l kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckse de kar ancak birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn yerde kal\u0131r. \u00dclkede, Karadeniz ve Akdeniz’de k\u0131y\u0131ya paralel uzanan da\u011flar, denizlerden gelen \u0131l\u0131man hava k\u00fctlelerinin i\u00e7 kesimlere ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinde yani i\u00e7 kesimlerde Karasal iklime rastlan\u0131r. Bu iklimde y\u0131ll\u0131k ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 y\u00fcksektir; yazlar s\u0131cak ve kurak, k\u0131\u015flar so\u011fuk ve kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde, k\u0131\u015flar olduk\u00e7a sert ge\u00e7er. Do\u011fu Anadolu’da s\u0131cakl\u0131klar \u221230 \u00b0C ve \u221240 \u00b0C’ye (\u221222 \u00b0F ve \u221240 \u00b0F) kadar d\u00fc\u015febilir ve kar y\u0131l\u0131n en az 120 g\u00fcn\u00fc yerde kal\u0131r. Bat\u0131da ise k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ortalama 1 \u00b0C (34 \u00b0F) olarak g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Yazlar\u0131 s\u0131cak ve kurak, \u00fclke genelinde genellikle Temmuz ve A\u011fustos en kurak ay iken May\u0131s en \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131r, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ekonomi
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi<\/p>\n

Levent i\u015f merkezlerine ait g\u00f6kdelenler. \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin kalbinin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.[169]
\nT\u00fcrkiye, GSY\u0130H (SAGP) s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ve GSY\u0130H (nominal) s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 17.s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r.[170][171] OECD ile G-20 b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomileri topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n kurucu \u00fcyelerinden bir tanesidir.[121][127]<\/p>\n

1995’te ba\u015flayan Avrupa Birli\u011fi-T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi tarifeleriyle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye’de geni\u015f bir liberalle\u015fme yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fi, \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015f ticaret politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015fturur hale geldi.[172] T\u00fcrkiye’nin 2014’te ihracat\u0131, \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re %4 artarak $157,6 milyar oldu. En fazla ihracat yap\u0131lan yap\u0131lan \u00fclkeler ise Almanya, Irak, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, \u0130talya ve Fransa olarak belirlendi.[173] Ancak ayn\u0131 y\u0131l ithalat\u0131n $242,2 milyar\u0131 bulmas\u0131 sebebiyle $84,5 milyar tutar\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Bu rakam, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131l $99.8 milyar idi.[174] 2014’te T\u00fcrkiye, en fazla \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nden ithalat yapt\u0131. Bu \u00fclkeyi s\u0131ras\u0131yla Almanya, Rusya ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri takip etti.[175]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir otomotiv sanayisi vard\u0131r. 2013 verilerine g\u00f6re \u00fclke, en \u00e7ok otomobil \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 17. s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r.[176] 2014 T\u00fcrkiye, gemi yap\u0131m\u0131ndan ise $1,2 milyar gelir elde etmi\u015ftir.[177] \u00dclkenin bu konudaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazarlar\u0131 Malta, Norve\u00e7, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ve Marshall Adalar\u0131’d\u0131r. 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re 87 aktif T\u00fcrk tersanesi bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu tersanelerde farkl\u0131 boyutlarda 15 y\u00fczer havuz ve bir kuru havuz bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tuzla, Yalova ve \u0130zmit gemi in\u015fa sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezleridir.[178]<\/p>\n

Beko ve Vestel gibi T\u00fcrk markalar\u0131, Avrupa’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz e\u015fya ve t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011fi \u00fcretim \u015firketlerindendir, bu sekt\u00f6rleri geli\u015ftirmek ve yeni teknolojiler bulmak konusunda \u00f6nemli miktarda yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmaktad\u0131rlar.[179]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini ise bankac\u0131l\u0131k, in\u015faat, ev aletleri, elektronik, tekstil, petrol ar\u0131tma, petrokimya \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, g\u0131da, madencilik, demir-\u00e7elik ve makine sanayi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 2013 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’deki sekt\u00f6rel GSY\u0130H da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m %8,9 tar\u0131m, %27,3 sanayi ve %63,8 hizmet \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur.[180] Bu oranlara ra\u011fmen h\u00e2l\u00e2 daha n\u00fcfusun d\u00f6rtte biri tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.[181] 2012 verilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan n\u00fcfusun sadece %30’u kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve bu rakam OECD \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki en az orand\u0131r.[182] T\u00fcrkiye’de en zengin kesimin geliri, en yoksul kesimin gelirinin 7,7 kat\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00fcfusun %15\u2019i yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.[183]<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7e
\nI. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan cumhuriyetin, ilk altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda, 1923 ve 1983 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda devlet, s\u0131k\u0131 bir yar\u0131-devlet\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu; \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, d\u0131\u015f ticaret, d\u00f6viz ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m tutar\u0131 gibi konularda \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar konuldu, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fct\u00e7e planlamalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak 1983 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Ba\u015fbakan Turgut \u00d6zal, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fc daha \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan bir dizi reform ba\u015flatt\u0131.[92]<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda al\u0131nan d\u0131\u015f kredilerle birlikte reformlar, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131 fakat bu b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00f6zellikle 1994, 1999 (o y\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen G\u00f6lc\u00fck depremi sonras\u0131)[184] ve 2001[185] y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan finansal krizler ve durgunluklar sebebiyle s\u00fcrekli kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131. 1981 ile 2003 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fclkenin y\u0131ll\u0131k GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcme ortalamas\u0131 %4 olarak belirlendi.[186] B\u00fcy\u00fcyen kamu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 ve yayg\u0131n yolsuzluk ile birlikte ek mali reformlar\u0131n eksikli\u011fi, y\u00fcksek enflasyon ve zay\u0131f bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, makroekonomi dalgalanmas\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na sebep oldu.[187] 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki kriz sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin maliye bakan\u0131 Kemal Dervi\u015f taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan reformlardan bu yana, enflasyon tek haneli rakamlara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00fcveni ile yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m artt\u0131, i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 geriledi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, d\u0131\u015f ticaret \u00fczerindeki devlet kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc yava\u015f yava\u015f azaltarak ekonomik d\u00fczenlemeler yoluyla \u00e7e\u015fitli pazarlar a\u00e7t\u0131, kamuya ait \u00e7e\u015fitli kurumlar\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme yoluna gitti, bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn liberalle\u015ftirilmesi ile yabanc\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ise \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131nda devam etti.[188] Kamu bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n GSY\u0130H’ye oran\u0131, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki durgunlukta seviyenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fse de, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yar\u0131s\u0131nda %46’ya y\u00fckseldi. 2002 ve 2007 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki y\u0131ll\u0131k GSY\u0130H b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 ise ortalama %6,8 olarak belirlendi; bu rakam T\u00fcrkiye’yi o y\u0131llar\u0131n en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomilerinden biri haline getirdi.[189] Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fcme, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda %1 oran\u0131nda yava\u015flad\u0131 ve ekonomi, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan k\u00fcresel ekonomik krizden %5 kadarl\u0131k bir oranla durgunluktan etkilendi. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u00fclkenin ekonomisinin %8 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin edildi.[16]<\/p>\n

2000’lerin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki y\u00fcksek enflasyon kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131 ve bu yeni bir para biriminin piyasaya sunulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131; Yeni T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131, 1 Ocak 2005 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi.[190] 1 Ocak 2009’da Yeni T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 yerini yeni banknot ve madeni paralar\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131’na b\u0131rakt\u0131. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki enflasyon rakam\u0131 %6,16, i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 ise %9,2 olarak belirlendi.[191][192]<\/p>\n

Turizm
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de turizm, ekonominin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmektedir ve son yirmi y\u0131lda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme yakalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2014’te 39,8 milyon turist taraf\u0131ndan ziyaret edilen T\u00fcrkiye, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n 6., Avrupa’n\u0131n 4. en b\u00fcy\u00fck turizm destinasyonu olarak yer ald\u0131 ve ziyaret\u00e7ilerden 29,5 milyar dolar gelir elde etti.[193]<\/p>\n

Altyap\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiye, 2014 senesinde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 800 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 GSY\u0130H ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 17. ekonomisi, Avrupa’n\u0131n ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck 6. ekonomisi se\u00e7lmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Otomotiv<\/p>\n

Adnan Menderes d\u00f6neminde anla\u015fma yap\u0131lan fakat askeri darbe nedeniyle durdurulan ve ilk \u00fcretimini 1966’da yap\u0131lan Anadol 1, 1969.
\nT\u00fcrkiye’nin oto sanayi kuru\u015fu\u015f tarihi 1950’lere dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk otomotiv fabrikas\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Adnan Menderes taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur.[kaynak belirtilmeli] Adnan Menderes, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k m\u00fc\u015fte\u015far\u0131 ile konu\u015furken kamyon fabrikas\u0131 kurmay\u0131 istedi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca 1954’de Amerikan \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye’de T\u00fcrk Trakt\u00f6r Fabrikas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda Adnan Menderes’in iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Kamyon Fabrikas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1955’de T\u00fcrk otomotiv sanayiisinin ilk yerli \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc fabrika kap\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Adnan Menderes taraf\u0131ndan Gebze’de Federal T\u00fcrk Kamyonlar\u0131 fabrikas\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.[194] 1963 Askeri darbe ile Adnan Menderes’in idam edilmesi bu s\u00fcreci 5 y\u0131l kadar geciktirmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ilk yerli otomobil piyasaya 1966’da \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 darbesi ile otomotiv yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f fakat 1983-1991 ANAP iktidar\u0131na kadar otomotiv oldu\u011fundan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan da \u00fclkeye otomobil ihracat\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1991-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 ise bu oran biraz d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2000’den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar her y\u0131l otomotiv fabrikalar\u0131 ve ticareti say\u0131s\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.[195] T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ar-Ge faaliyetleri i\u00e7in harcanan toplam miktar da giderek artarak; 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1,29 milyar TL olan Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 14,8 milyar TL\u2019ye ula\u015farak % 22,5\u2019lik bir y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.[196] Ar-Ge harcamas\u0131 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda 206 milyon TL iken 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 547 milyon TL\u2019ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin otomotiv \u00fcretimi 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda AK Parti iktidar\u0131ndan sonra 374.000 iken 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1.170.445\u2019e ula\u015farak b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerleme kaydetmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fcmeler, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 17. otomotiv \u00fcreticisi haline getirmi\u015ftir. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck hafif ticari ara\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.[197] 2003 ve 2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk otomotiv pazarlamas\u0131 % 9.30\u2019luk y\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir. Almanya, Fransa, \u0130talya, \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130spanya \u00fclkeleriyle ihracatlar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.[198]<\/p>\n

Bilim ve teknoloji
\nBu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k {{{1}}} tarihinden beri geli\u015ftirilmeye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor.\tBu alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekiyor.
\nDemografi
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye demografisi
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrkiye’deki az\u0131nl\u0131klar
\nN\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131
\nY\u0131l\tN\u00fcfus \t%\u00b1 Art\u0131\u015f
\n1927\t13.648.270\t\u2014
\n1935\t16.158.018\t2,13%
\n1940\t17.820.950\t1,98%
\n1950\t20.947.188\t1,63%
\n1960\t27.754.820\t2,85%
\n1970\t35.605.176\t2,52%
\n1980\t44.736.957\t2,31%
\n1990\t56.473.035\t2,36%
\n2000\t67.803.927\t1,85%
\n2010\t73.722.988\t0,84%
\n2014\t77.695.904\t1,32%
\nKaynak: T\u00dc\u0130K[199]
\nAdrese Dayal\u0131 N\u00fcfus Kay\u0131t Sistemi sonucunda elde edilen verilere g\u00f6re 31 Aral\u0131k 2015 itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’nin n\u00fcfusu 78.7 milyondur. Bu rakam, ilk resm\u00ee n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda 13.6 milyondu.[199] 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki rakam, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki rakam\u0131n 1.4 milyon fazlas\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fclkenin n\u00fcfusunun art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131 \u203013,4’t\u00fcr. N\u00fcfusun %91,8’i il ve il\u00e7e merkezlerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 verilere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de km\u00b2 ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 102 ki\u015fi d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. N\u00fcfusun %67,8’i 15-64 ya\u015f grubunda yer al\u0131rken; %24’\u00fc 0-14 ya\u015f grubunda yer almaktad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k %8,2’lik bir k\u0131s\u0131m ise 65 ve \u00fcst\u00fc ya\u015flardaki ki\u015filerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.[200] T\u00fcrkiye’nin en geli\u015fmi\u015f ve en kalabal\u0131k \u015fehri \u0130stanbul’dur. Ayr\u0131ca Avrupa’n\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fehri unvan\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.[201][202]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n 66. maddesi, “T\u00fcrk Devletine vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olan” herkesi, bir “T\u00fcrk” olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bu nedenle, T\u00fcrkiye’de hukuk\u00ee anlamda T\u00fcrk s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bir etnik k\u00f6keni ifade etmekten ziyade \u00fclkenin vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan herkesi ifade etmektedir.[203] \u00dclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun etnik k\u00f6keni T\u00fcrk’t\u00fcr. \u00dclke n\u00fcfusundaki T\u00fcrklerin oran\u0131 CIA’e g\u00f6re %70-75, Konda’ya g\u00f6re %76 ve Konsensus’a g\u00f6re %77’dir.[16][18][204] N\u00fcfusun etnik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ait pek \u00e7ok veri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrkiye’de yap\u0131lan resm\u00ee n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kene ait rakamlar vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in resm\u00ee veriler mevcut de\u011fildir.[205] Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de Arnavutlar, Azeriler, Araplar, Bo\u015fnaklar, \u00c7erkesler, \u00c7ingeneler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Hem\u015finliler, Lazlar, Pomaklar, S\u00fcryaniler ve Zazalar dahil olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok etnik grup ya\u015fasa da,[18] \u00fclkede resmen tan\u0131nan az\u0131nl\u0131klar sadece Ermeniler, Rumlar ve Yahudilerdir. Bu tan\u0131nmay\u0131 Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte elde etmi\u015flerdir.[206] T\u00fcrklerden sonra, \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck etnik grup K\u00fcrtlerdir. K\u00fcrtlerin n\u00fcfus i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 CIA’e g\u00f6re %18, Konda’ya g\u00f6re %15, Konsensus’a g\u00f6re %14’t\u00fcr.[16][18][204] CIA’e g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler ve K\u00fcrtler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n oran\u0131 ise %7-12’dir.[16] Tan\u0131nan \u00fc\u00e7 az\u0131nl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar i\u00e7in belirlenmi\u015f \u00f6zel haklar yoktur. “Az\u0131nl\u0131k” terimi, T\u00fcrkiye’de hassas bir konudur ve hassas olmaya devam etmektedir.[19] Hukuk\u00ee anlamda az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 tan\u0131masa da devlet, resm\u00ee kanal\u0131 TRT’ye, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n konu\u015ftu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde radyo ve televizyon programlar\u0131 yapmas\u0131 konusunda izin vermektedir.[207]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunun %2,5’i g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.[208] \u00dclke, Aral\u0131k 2015 itibari ile 2,5 milyon Suriyeli m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclteciyi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00fclkesi oldu. Suriye \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan ka\u00e7an bu m\u00fclteciler, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Afet ve Acil Durum Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda a\u011f\u0131rland\u0131, bir\u00e7o\u011fu ise \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.[209]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin resm\u00ee dili, ayn\u0131 zamanda n\u00fcfusun %85’inin ana dili olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. N\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k %12’si ise ana dil olarak K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Arap\u00e7a ve Zazacay\u0131 ana dil olarak konu\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 da %1’den fazlad\u0131r, bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesim taraf\u0131ndan ana dil olarak konu\u015fulan diller de mevcuttur.[18] Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye’de konu\u015fulan dillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 tehlike alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunlara Abazaca, Abhazca, Bat\u0131 Ermenicesi, \u00c7erkes\u00e7e, \u00c7ingenece, Do\u011fu \u00c7erkes\u00e7esi, Hem\u015fince, Hertevince, Kapadokya Yunancas\u0131, Lazca, Pontus Rumcas\u0131, Ub\u0131h\u00e7a, Yahudi \u0130spanyolcas\u0131 ve Zazaca \u00f6rnek verilebilir.[210]<\/p>\n

Din
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’de din
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’de \u0130slam, T\u00fcrkiye’de Hr\u0131stiyanl\u0131k, T\u00fcrkiye’de Yahudilik ve T\u00fcrkiye’de laiklik<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul’daki Sultan Ahmet Camii, i\u00e7erisinin \u0130znik \u00e7inileriyle s\u00fcslenmesinden dolay\u0131, Avrupa’da Mavi Cami olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r.[212]
\nT\u00fcrkiye, resm\u00ee dini olmayan laik bir devlettir. Din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fclkenin anayasas\u0131yla g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[213][214] Ancak \u00fclkede \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130slami partilerin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte, dinin y\u00f6netimdeki rol\u00fcyle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[215] \u00dclkede kamu kurumlar\u0131nda ve okullarda uzun y\u0131llar boyunca \u0130slami siyaset sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc tak\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131. Bu yasa\u011fa 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversitelerde, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda kamu kurumlar\u0131nda ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda di\u011fer okullarda son verildi.[216][217]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de bask\u0131n din \u0130slam’d\u0131r ve \u00e7e\u015fitli verilere g\u00f6re n\u00fcfusun %99,8’i M\u00fcsl\u00fcman’d\u0131r.[16][218][219] Ancak farkl\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re bu rakam farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermektedir ve %96.4 olarak ge\u00e7mektedir.[220] Yayg\u0131n mezhep ise S\u00fcnnilik mezheplerinden biri olan Hanefiliktir. \u00dclkedeki en y\u00fcksek \u0130slami makam Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’d\u0131r ve Hanefi mezhebinin kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re dini yorumlar. \u00dclke topraklar\u0131ndaki 80.000’i a\u015fk\u0131n kay\u0131tl\u0131 camiden ve buralarda g\u00f6revli imamlardan da sorumludur.[221] Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclkede Alevilik de yer yer yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve akademisyenler Alevi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 15-20 milyon aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.[222][223] Aksiyon dergisine g\u00f6re ise, Aleviler hari\u00e7 \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun 3 milyonu (%4.2) \u015eii Onikicilerden olu\u015fur.[224] Ayr\u0131ca Sufizm’e ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlar da vard\u0131r ve n\u00fcfusun %2’si herhangi bir mezhebe ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlard\u0131r.[225][226]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 1914’te %19 iken bu say\u0131 1927’de %2.5’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[227] G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fclkede Rum Ortodokslar\u0131 ve Katolikler dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli mezheplerden 120.000 Hristiyan bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu rakam T\u00fcrkiye’nin n\u00fcfusunun %0.2’sinden daha azd\u0131r.[228][229][230] \u00dclkede a\u00e7\u0131k olan kilise say\u0131s\u0131 ise 236’d\u0131r.[231] \u0130stanbul, 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana Do\u011fu Ortodoks Kilisesi’nin merkezi konumundad\u0131r.[232][233]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de, \u00e7o\u011fu Sefarad k\u00f6kenli olan 26.000 Yahudi ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.[234] M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda Yahudi topluluklar\u0131 ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve yirmi y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda \u0130spanyol ve Portekiz Yahudileri’nin \u0130spanya’dan kovulmas\u0131yla birlikte Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bu Yahudilerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fmesine izin verdi. B\u00f6ylece Anadolu’daki Yahudi n\u00fcfusu artt\u0131. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki g\u00f6\u00e7lere ra\u011fmen, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2la k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Yahudi n\u00fcfusu T\u00fcrkiye’de bulunmaktad\u0131r.[235]<\/p>\n

E\u011fitim
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’de e\u011fitim
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’deki \u00fcniversiteler listesi<\/p>\n

1453’te Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun ad\u0131yla kurulan \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, 1 A\u011fustos 1933’te yap\u0131lan reformla birlikte T\u00fcrkiye’nin ilk \u00fcniversitesi olarak hizmete girmi\u015ftir.[236]
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de \u00fcniversite \u00f6ncesi e\u011fitim Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n denetimindedir.[237] D\u00f6rt y\u0131l ilkokul, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l ortaokul ve d\u00f6rt y\u0131l lise olmak \u00fczere toplam on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u011fitim zorunludur.[238] OECD raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fclkede liseyi tamamlamayan 25-34 ya\u015f grubuna dahil ki\u015filer, liseyi tamamlayan ayn\u0131 ya\u015f grubundan i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n elde etti\u011fi gelirin ortalama olarak sadece %80\u2019ini almaktad\u0131rlar.[239] \u00dclkenin temel e\u011fitim seviyesi di\u011fer OECD \u00fclkelerinin alt\u0131nda kabul edilir.[240] T\u00fcrkiye, OECD’nin PISA program\u0131nda 34 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 32. s\u0131rada yer al\u0131r.[238] Y\u00fcksek kalitedeki liselere giri\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00fclke genelinde yap\u0131lan \u00f6\u011frenci yerle\u015ftirme s\u0131navlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan puana ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, bu y\u00fczden \u00fclkedeki \u00f6zel ders alma ya\u015f\u0131 10’a kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[240] T\u00fcrkiye’de 2011 itibariyle yeti\u015fkin n\u00fcfusun %94,1’i okuryazard\u0131r; erkek n\u00fcfusun kendi i\u00e7indeki okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131 %97,9, kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusun kendi i\u00e7indeki okuryazar oran\u0131 %90,3’t\u00fcr.[241]<\/p>\n

2014 itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’deki \u00fcniversite say\u0131s\u0131 196’d\u0131r.[242] \u00d6\u011frenciler, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretime Ge\u00e7i\u015f S\u0131nav\u0131 (YGS) ve Lisans Yerle\u015ftirme S\u0131nav\u0131 (LYS) sonucunda ald\u0131klar\u0131 puanlarla \u00fcniversiteye ge\u00e7i\u015f hakk\u0131 kazan\u0131r.[243] 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversiteye ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131nav\u0131na 1.700.000 ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcniversite kontenjanlar\u0131 600.000 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[244] Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi’nin A\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm fak\u00fcltelere giri\u015f, lise mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n YGS-LYS sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fekillenir.[245] D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi \u00fcniversitelerinin s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2014 Times Higher Education World University Rankings’te ilk 200’e T\u00fcrkiye’den d\u00f6rt \u00fcniversite dahil olmu\u015ftur. Listede Orta Do\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi 85. s\u0131rada, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi 139. s\u0131rada, \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi 165. s\u0131rada, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi 182. s\u0131rada yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[246]<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’de sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’deki hastaneler listesi
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan merkezi bir devlet sistemiyle kontrol edilir. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fbmet, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine ayr\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00e7e oran\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran ve n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 h\u00e2le getirmeyi ama\u00e7layan geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir sa\u011fl\u0131k reformu program\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri kapsam\u0131nda 76.3 milyar TL harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131; hizmet bedellerinin %79.6’s\u0131 Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken geriye kalan %15.4’\u00fc hastalar taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan \u00f6dendi.[247] 2013 rakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de 30.116 sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumu bulunmaktad\u0131r ve doktor ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 573 hasta d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.[248][249] Ayr\u0131ca 1000 ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen yatak say\u0131s\u0131 2.64’t\u00fcr.[248]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de beklenen ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi erkeklerde 71.1 y\u0131l ve kad\u0131nlarda 75.2 y\u0131l olmakla birlikte, toplam n\u00fcfus ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n beklenen ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi 73.2 y\u0131ld\u0131r.[250] \u00dclkede \u00f6l\u00fcmlere en \u00e7ok neden olan hastal\u0131klardan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc \u015funlard\u0131r: dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi hastal\u0131klar\u0131 (%39.8), kanser (%21.3), solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131 (%9.8).[251]<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/p>\n

Mevlevi semazenler bir Sema t\u00f6renindeyken. Mevlevi Sema T\u00f6renleri, UNESCO Somut Olmayan K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras Listeleri’nde yer almaktad\u0131r.[252]
\nT\u00fcrkiye; O\u011fuz, Anadolu, Osmanl\u0131 (Greko-Romen ve \u0130slami k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin bir devam\u0131yd\u0131) ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ile geleneklerinin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dclke co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kayna\u015fma, Orta Asya’dan Anadolu’ya do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini birle\u015ftirmesi sonucunda ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dclkedeki Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketi ise Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bug\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrmeye devam etti.[253][254] Sonu\u00e7 olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, geleneksel inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve tarihi de\u011ferleri koruyarak “\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f” bir Bat\u0131 devleti olma \u00e7abas\u0131 sonucunda \u015fekillendi.[253]<\/p>\n

Sanat
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrk sanat\u0131
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, T\u00fcrk halk oyunlar\u0131, T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye’de resim ve T\u00fcrk tiyatrosu<\/p>\n

Osman Hamdi Bey’in \u00e7izdi\u011fi Kaplumba\u011fa Terbiyecisi.
\nBat\u0131l\u0131 anlamda T\u00fcrk resim sanat\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren etkin bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Resim dersleri ilk olarak teknik ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in 1793 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fu anki \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi’nde verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.[255] 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, Bat\u0131l\u0131 anlamda insan tasvirleri \u00f6zellikle Osman Hamdi Bey ile birlikte T\u00fcrk resminde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f e\u011filimlerle birlikte empresyonizm de geli\u015fim g\u00f6sterdi ve Halil Pa\u015fa resimlerinde empresyonizmi kulland\u0131. 1926’da Avrupa’ya g\u00f6nderilen T\u00fcrk sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, T\u00fcrkiye’ye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Fovizm, K\u00fcbizm ve hatta Ekspresyonizm ak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131lar. Sonraki y\u0131llarda D Grubu sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan Abidin Dino ve Cemal Tollu dahil olmak \u00fczere Fikret Mualla, Fahrelnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu, Adnan \u00c7oker ve Burhan Do\u011fan\u00e7ay gibi sanat\u00e7\u0131lar son otuz y\u0131l boyunca Bat\u0131’da geli\u015fen baz\u0131 e\u011filimleri tan\u0131tt\u0131lar. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Yeniler Grubu 1930’larda, Onlar Grubu 1940’larda, Yeni Dal Grubu 1950’lerde ve Siyah Kalem Grubu 1960’larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk resminin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli hareketleri olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131lar.[256]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011fi ve edebiyat\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile Avrupa’n\u0131n etkile\u015fimi sonucunda T\u00fcrk, \u0130slam ve Avrupa gelenekleri birle\u015ferek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011fini ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[257] Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, \u0130ran ve Arap edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n fazlas\u0131yla etkisi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Tanzimat’taki yeniliklerle birlikte daha \u00f6nceden bilinmeyen roman ve \u00f6yk\u00fc gibi edebi t\u00fcrler T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131na giri\u015f yapt\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli yazarlar T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131ndaki ilkleri bu d\u00f6nemde verdiler; Nam\u0131k Kemal ilk edebi roman olan \u0130ntibah’\u0131 (1876) yazarken, gazeteci \u015einasi ilk \u00f6zel gazeteyi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve ilk tiyatro olan \u015eair Evlenmesi’ni (1860) yazd\u0131. Bat\u0131 etkisinde geli\u015fen modern T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesi 1896 ve 1923 aras\u0131nda da s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu arada Servet-i F\u00fcnun, Fecr-i Ati ve Mill\u00ee Edebiyat gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli edebiyat hareketleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet, serbest naz\u0131mla \u015fiirler yazarak T\u00fcrk \u015fiirine radikal de\u011fi\u015fikler getirdi. \u015eiirdeki bir ba\u015fka devrim ise 1941’de Garip\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda, bu durumun bir sonucu olarak, i\u015flenen konular aras\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. \u00d6rne\u011fin romanlar\u0131nda “k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u00f6r\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in yeni simgeler bulan” Orhan Pamuk, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Edebiyat \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[258] 2003 Eurovision \u015eark\u0131 Yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131’na T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011findeki \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan “Everyway That I Can” \u015fark\u0131s\u0131yla kat\u0131lan Sertab Erener ise yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n birincisi olarak Avrupa’da ad\u0131ndan bahsettirmi\u015ftir.[259]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde halk oyunlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. Do\u011fu Trakya’da Hora; Ege, G\u00fcney Marmara ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’da Zeybek; Bat\u0131 Akdeniz’de Teke; \u0130\u00e7-Bat\u0131 Anadolu, Bat\u0131 Karadeniz, G\u00fcney Marmara ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz’de Ka\u015f\u0131k oyunlar\u0131 ile Kar\u015f\u0131lama; Orta ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz’de Horon; Do\u011fu ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu’da Halay; Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu’da Bar ve Lezginka halk oyunlar\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.[260]<\/p>\n

Spor
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrkiye’de spor<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Mill\u00ee Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 2010 FIBA D\u00fcnya Basketbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131’nda g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madalya kazand\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de en \u00e7ok sevilen sporlardan biri futboldur. Futbol ligler halinde oynanmakta ve bunlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc S\u00fcper Lig’dir. Lig \u015fampiyonu olabilmi\u015f olan tak\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc (Be\u015fikta\u015f, Fenerbah\u00e7e ve Galatasaray) \u0130stanbul tak\u0131m\u0131, iki tanesi (Trabzonspor) ve (Bursaspor) ise Anadolu tak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Futbol kul\u00fcpleri T\u00fcrkiye Futbol Federasyonu \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[261] Galatasaray Avrupa’da kupa kazanan ilk ve tek T\u00fcrk futbol tak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda UEFA Kupas\u0131 ve UEFA S\u00fcper Kupa’y\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Mill\u00ee Futbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 2000 Avrupa Futbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131nda 6., 2002 FIFA D\u00fcnya Kupas\u0131’nda, 2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupas\u0131’nda ve 2008 Avrupa Futbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131nda 3. olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Basketbol T\u00fcrkiye’de en \u00e7ok ilgi g\u00f6ren sporlardan biridir. Basketbol’un en b\u00fcy\u00fck ligi Basketbol S\u00fcper Ligi’dir. Anadolu Efes SK, Galatasaray Medical Park, Fenerbah\u00e7e, Be\u015fikta\u015f Erkek Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 gibi tak\u0131mlar Euroleague’de ve di\u011fer \u00f6zel turnuvalarda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca Anadolu Efes 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kora\u00e7 Kupas\u0131’n\u0131 kazanarak, Avrupa Kupas\u0131 kazanan ilk T\u00fcrk tak\u0131m\u0131 olma unvan\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir.[262] 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda FIBA EuroChallenge \u015eampiyonlu\u011fu kupas\u0131n\u0131 kazanan Be\u015fikta\u015f Milangaz Avrupa’da kupa kazanabilen 2. T\u00fcrk tak\u0131m\u0131’d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Mill\u00ee Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 da turnuvalarda b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2001 Avrupa Basketbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madalya ve 2010 FIBA D\u00fcnya Basketbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi. 2010 FIBA D\u00fcnya Basketbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131, 28 A\u011fustos ve 12 Eyl\u00fcl tarihleri aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u015eampiyonay\u0131 FIBA, T\u00fcrkiye Basketbol Federasyonu ve 2010 Organizasyon Komitesi ortakla\u015fa organize etmi\u015ftir ve 2. olmu\u015ftur. 1986’dan beri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc defa 24 \u00fclkenin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 turnuvan\u0131n tak\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0130stanbul, Ankara, \u0130zmir ve Kayseri’de, biti\u015f a\u015famas\u0131 \u0130stanbul Sinan Erdem Spor Salonu’nda oynanm\u0131\u015f, kazanan ise biti\u015fte T\u00fcrkiye’yi 64-81 ma\u011flup eden Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri olmu\u015ftur. Kad\u0131n Mill\u00ee Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 2011 Avrupa Kad\u0131nlar \u015eampiyonas\u0131’nda ikinci olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca 2013 Akdeniz Oyunlar\u0131nda Erkek Mill\u00ee Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131 alt\u0131n madalya alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geleneksel bir T\u00fcrk sporu olan g\u00fcre\u015fin en \u00f6nemli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 K\u0131rkp\u0131nar Ya\u011fl\u0131 G\u00fcre\u015fleri’dir. T\u00fcrklerin M\u00d6 4. yy.dan beri g\u00fcre\u015f yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u0130lkbahar aylar\u0131nda do\u011fan\u0131n canlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan kutlamalarda, evlenme merasimlerinde, zafer \u015f\u00f6lenlerinde hep g\u00fcre\u015f m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda Geleneksel Spor Dallar\u0131 Federasyonu kurulmu\u015f ve ya\u011fl\u0131 g\u00fcre\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mutfak
\nAna madde: T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk lokumu ile birlikte T\u00fcrk kahvesi. T\u00fcrk kahvesi, UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrklerin Somut Olmayan K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miraslar listesine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[263][264]
\nT\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131, \u00c7in ve Frans\u0131z mutfaklar\u0131yla beraber d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin mutfaklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve tarihi gere\u011fi, T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik olu\u015fturur. T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131, Mezopotamya ve Balkan mutfaklar\u0131yla etkile\u015fime girmi\u015ftir, \u0130stanbul Osmanl\u0131 Saray mutfa\u011f\u0131 da T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Saray Mutfa\u011f\u0131’nda \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7orba, zeytinya\u011fl\u0131 sebze, etli yemek, bal\u0131k, b\u00f6rek, tatl\u0131 m\u00f6n\u00fcleri mevcuttur. Saray mutfa\u011f\u0131, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndan Osmanl\u0131’ya y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n saray zevki ve tecr\u00fcbesiyle olu\u015fan elit bir mutfakt\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemlerde, halk ve k\u00f6y mutfa\u011f\u0131 ise sade ve basittir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Saray k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir “T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131” ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok saray yeme\u011fi, halk taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk mutfa\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n

Akdeniz k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc
\nDo\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc
\nSaray k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc
\nBozk\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBas\u0131n
\nAyr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: T\u00fcrkiye’de televizyon
\nT\u00fcrkiye’de Radyo ve Televizyonculuk bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu kamu yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmakta olup T\u00fcrkiye’nin ilk televizyon kanal\u0131d\u0131r.[265]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de 21 ulusal, 14 b\u00f6lgesel ve de 229 yerel televizyon kanal\u0131 yay\u0131n yapmaktad\u0131r. 3984 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanuna g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6zel yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 RT\u00dcK denetlemektedir.[266]<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z
\nT\u00fcrk devletleri listesi
\nKaynak\u00e7a
\n\tT\u00fcrkiye portali
\n\tOrta Do\u011fu portali
\n\tAsya portali
\nGenel
\nAtat\u00fcrk, Mustafa Kemal (1927). ‘Nutuk, Cilt 1-2-3, T\u00fcrk Devrim Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul 1970.
\nDe Lamartine, Alphonse. Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, Cilt 1, Sabah Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1991.
\n\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Kaz\u0131m (1992). Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn TBMM A\u00e7\u0131k ve Gizli Oturumlar\u0131ndaki Konu\u015fmalar\u0131, Cilt 1-2, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131-Atat\u00fcrk Dizisi. ISBN 975-17-0635-1
\nAkay, O\u011fuz (2006). Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn Sofras\u0131. Truva Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. ISBN 975-6237-54-6
\nMeydan Larousse, Meydan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 1988, Cilt 12, Sh. 357-388, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti.
\nTemel Britannica, Ana Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k-Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1992, Cilt 18, Sh. 41-96; T\u00fcrkiye. ISBN 975-7760-02-1
\nT\u00fcrklerin ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin Tarihi Ansiklopedisi, Milliyet Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1982.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye ya da resm\u00ee ad\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Anadolu’ya, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise Balkanlar’\u0131n uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan Trakya’ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke. Kuzeybat\u0131da Bulgaristan, bat\u0131da Yunanistan, kuzeydo\u011fuda G\u00fcrcistan, do\u011fuda Ermenistan, \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan’\u0131n ekslav topra\u011f\u0131 Nah\u00e7\u0131van, g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda ise Irak ve Suriye kom\u015fusudur. G\u00fcneyini Akdeniz, bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Ege Denizi ve kuzeyini Karadeniz \u00e7evreler. Marmara Denizi ise \u0130stanbul […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-turkiy-dbiyyati"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19296","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19296"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19296\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19318,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19296\/revisions\/19318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19296"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19296"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19296"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}