{"id":29384,"date":"2018-12-15T09:00:40","date_gmt":"2018-12-15T05:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=29384"},"modified":"2018-12-15T15:38:46","modified_gmt":"2018-12-15T11:38:46","slug":"turkiy%c9%99-cumhuriyy%c9%99ti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=29384","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259ti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 (t\u00fcrk. T\u00fcrkiye) v\u0259 ya r\u0259smi ad\u0131 il\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 (t\u00fcrk. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti) torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259si Q\u0259rbi Asiya regionunun Ki\u00e7ik Asiya yar\u0131madas\u0131nda, \u00e7ox ki\u00e7ik bir hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n qit\u0259l\u0259raras\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259dir.[2] \u015eimal-q\u0259rbd\u0259n Bolqar\u0131stan, q\u0259rbd\u0259n Yunan\u0131stan, \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n Az\u0259rbaycan, \u0130ran, Erm\u0259nistan, c\u0259nubdan is\u0259 \u0130raq v\u0259 Suriya il\u0259 h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u0259nizl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Bu d\u0259nizl\u0259r q\u0259rbd\u0259 Egey d\u0259nizi, \u015fimalda Qara d\u0259niz, c\u0259nubda is\u0259 Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizidir. Bosfor bo\u011faz\u0131, M\u0259rm\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259nizi v\u0259 Dardanel bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin Avropa v\u0259 Asiya hiss\u0259l\u0259rini bir-birind\u0259n ay\u0131r\u0131r.[3] Paytaxt Ankara \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olsa da, \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u0259sas m\u0259d\u0259ni v\u0259 iqtisadi m\u0259rk\u0259zi, h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri \u0130stanbuldur.[4]<\/p>\n

\u018fhalinin t\u0259qrib\u0259n 70-80%-i \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etnik t\u00fcrk hesab edir.[5][6] \u018fhalinin 20%-\u0259 yax\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n k\u00fcrdl\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck etnik azl\u0131q say\u0131l\u0131r. Dig\u0259r etnik azl\u0131qlara ad\u0131qlar, albanlar, \u0259r\u0259bl\u0259r, bo\u015fnaklar v\u0259 lazlar daxildir.[6][7][8][9] R\u0259smi dil t\u00fcrk dilidir.[10] T\u00fcrk dili il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 kurmanc, bosniya, \u0259r\u0259b, zaza, kabardin-\u00e7\u0259rk\u0259z v\u0259 dig\u0259r dill\u0259rd\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fanlar da azl\u0131q t\u0259\u015fkil edir.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcasir T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u0259razisi Paleolit d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259n etibar\u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif xalqlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n m\u0259skunla\u015fma yerin\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. Aysorlar, yunanlar, frigiyal\u0131lar, uratular bu \u0259razil\u0259rin ilk sakinl\u0259ri hesab olunur.[11] Makedoniyal\u0131 \u0130sg\u0259nd\u0259r bu \u0259razil\u0259ri \u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259n sonra burada yunanla\u015fma prosesi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu proses sonralar Roma \u0130mperiyas\u0131 v\u0259 Bizans \u0130mperiyas\u0131 zaman\u0131nda da davam etmi\u015fdir. XI \u0259srd\u0259 S\u0259lcuq t\u00fcrkl\u0259rinin \u0259raziy\u0259 miqrasiyas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1071-ci ild\u0259 s\u0259lcuqlar\u0131n Malazgird d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259 Bizansa qalib g\u0259lm\u0259si T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin qurulu\u015funun ba\u015flama tarixi kimi simvoliz\u0259 edilir.[12] Rum Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1243-c\u00fc ild\u0259 monqol i\u015f\u011fal\u0131 ba\u015flayana q\u0259d\u0259r Anadolunu idar\u0259 etmi\u015f, h\u0259min tarixd\u0259n sonra is\u0259 sultanl\u0131q m\u00fcxt\u0259lif Anadolu b\u0259ylikl\u0259rin\u0259 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[13]<\/p>\n

XIII \u0259srin sonlar\u0131ndan etibar\u0259n Osmanl\u0131 s\u00fclal\u0259si Anadoluda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n bu ki\u00e7ik b\u0259ylikl\u0259ri birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259, \u0259razisi C\u0259nub-\u015e\u0259rqi Avropa, Q\u0259rbi Asiya v\u0259 \u015eimali Afrikan\u0131n \u00e7ox hiss\u0259sini \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck imperiyaya \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir.[14] Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 Sultan S\u00fcleyman Qanuninin hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00fcnya g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir.[15] \u0130ki \u0259srd\u0259n \u00e7ox m\u00fcdd\u0259t \u0259rzind\u0259 \u00f6z g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc qorumas\u0131na baxmayaraq, XIX v\u0259 XX \u0259srl\u0259rd\u0259 Avropada strateji \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u0259razil\u0259rin itirilm\u0259si art\u0131q d\u00f6vl\u0259tin ke\u00e7mi\u015f h\u0259rbi q\u00fcdr\u0259tinin z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259sind\u0259n x\u0259b\u0259r verirdi. 1913-c\u00fc ild\u0259 ba\u015f vermi\u015f d\u00f6vl\u0259t \u00e7evrili\u015find\u0259n sonra \u00f6lk\u0259nin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 “\u00dc\u00e7 Pa\u015falar”\u0131n \u0259lin\u0259 ke\u00e7di. Birinci d\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si \u0259rzind\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u0130ttifaq d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qo\u015fulma\u011fa q\u0259rar verdi. M\u00fcharib\u0259nin ba\u015fa \u00e7atmas\u0131ndan sonra m\u0259\u011flub olan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 s\u00fcquta u\u011frad\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan v\u0259 Mustafa Kamal Atat\u00fcrk\u00fcn r\u0259hb\u0259rliyi il\u0259 davam ed\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u0130stiqlaliyy\u0259t m\u00fcharib\u0259si 1922-ci ild\u0259 monarxiyan\u0131n l\u0259\u011fv edilm\u0259si v\u0259 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131n qoyulmas\u0131 il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259ndi.[16] Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6lk\u0259nin ilk prezidenti t\u0259yin olundu. Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6lk\u0259 ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7ildikd\u0259n q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259t sonra tarix\u0259 Atat\u00fcrk islahatlar\u0131 ad\u0131 il\u0259 daxil olan bir \u00e7ox islahat h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 BMT, NATO, BVF v\u0259 D\u00fcnya Bank\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczv\u00fc, h\u0259m\u00e7inin \u0130qtisadi \u018fm\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q v\u0259 \u0130nki\u015faf T\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131, AT\u018fT, QD\u0130\u018fT, \u0130\u018fT v\u0259 G-20 kimi t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n qurucu \u00fczv\u00fcd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 1949-cu ild\u0259n Avropa \u015euras\u0131, 1963-c\u00fc ild\u0259n Avropa \u0130qtisadi Birliyi, 1995-ci ild\u0259n Avropa \u0130ttifaq\u0131 G\u00f6mr\u00fck Birliyinin \u00fczv\u00fcd\u00fcr. 2005-ci ild\u0259n etibar\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259nin Avropa \u0130ttifaq\u0131na daxil olmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar ba\u015flasa da, 2017-ci ild\u0259 bu dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qlar A\u0130 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b. Hal-haz\u0131rda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fcy\u0259n iqtisadiyyat\u0131 v\u0259 diplomatik t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcsl\u0259ri say\u0259sind\u0259 regional g\u00fcc olaraq q\u0259bul edilir.[17]<\/p>\n

M\u00fcnd\u0259ricat
\n1\tEtimologiya
\n2\tCo\u011frafi m\u00f6vqeyi, t\u0259bii \u015f\u0259rait v\u0259 ehtiyatlar\u0131.
\n2.1\tT\u0259bii ehtiyatlar\u0131
\n2.2\t\u0130qlimi
\n2.3\tDaxili sular\u0131
\n3\t\u018frazi
\n3.1\t\u0130nzibati-\u0259razi b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc
\n4\t\u018fhali
\n4.1\tDil
\n4.2\tDin
\n5\tTarix
\n5.1\tQ\u0259dim d\u00f6vr
\n5.2\tCumhuriyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc
\n5.3\t\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si d\u00f6vr\u00fc
\n5.4\tAvropal\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fctt\u0259fiqlik
\n6\tSiyas\u0259t
\n7\t\u0130qtisadiyyat
\n8\tT\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat sah\u0259l\u0259ri
\n9\tOrdu
\n10\tT\u0259hsil
\n10.1\tUniversitetler
\n10.2\tM\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259hsil
\n10.3\t\u0130btidai t\u0259hsil
\n10.4\tOrta t\u0259hsil
\n10.5\tAli t\u0259hsil
\n11\tBayramlar v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi g\u00fcnl\u0259r
\n11.1\tR\u0259smi bayramlar
\n11.2\tDini bayramlar
\n12\t\u015e\u0259kill\u0259r
\n12.1\t\u0130stinadlar
\n12.2\tXarici ke\u00e7idl\u0259r
\nEtimologiya
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ad\u0131 iki komponent\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr: T\u00fcrk etnonimi v\u0259 “sahib” m\u0259nas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunan \u2013iy\u0259 \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7isi. “T\u00fcrk” v\u0259 ya “T\u00fcr\u00fck” s\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 tarixd\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 M\u0259rk\u0259zi Asiyada d\u00f6vl\u0259t qurmu\u015f G\u00f6yt\u00fcrkl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Orxon \u0259lifbas\u0131 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k s\u0259kkizinci \u0259srd\u0259 tikil\u0259n Orxon abid\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 rast g\u0259linib.[18] Bu s\u00f6z\u00fcn m\u00fcasir d\u00f6vrd\u0259ki hal\u0131n\u0131n orjinal\u0131 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 XII \u0259srd\u0259 italyanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n orta \u0259sr lat\u0131n dili istifad\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k Turchia v\u0259 ya Turmenia \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 qeyd\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bunlarla birlikd\u0259, orta \u0259srin alman s\u0259yyahlar\u0131 b\u00f6lg\u0259ni Turkei v\u0259 ya Tirkenland \u015f\u0259klind\u0259, frans\u0131zlar is\u0259 Turquie \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yunan dilind\u0259 eyni m\u0259nan\u0131 ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n Tourkia ad\u0131 is\u0259 Bizans imperatoru VII Konstantinos t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n De Administrando Imperio kitab\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edilib.[19] Ancaq imperator burada “t\u00fcrkl\u0259r” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda macarlar\u0131 ifad\u0259 etmi\u015fdir.[20] Ox\u015far \u015f\u0259kild\u0259, Bizans m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259ri Qara d\u0259niz v\u0259 X\u0259z\u0259r d\u0259nizinin \u015fimal\u0131nda m\u00f6vcud olmu\u015f t\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259ti olan X\u0259z\u0259r xaqanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 Tourkia (t\u00fcrkl\u0259rin \u00f6lk\u0259si) ifad\u0259sini i\u015fl\u0259tmi\u015fdir.[21] Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 da m\u00fcxt\u0259lif vaxtlarda dig\u0259r \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259 ya T\u00fcrk \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi m\u00f6vqeyi, t\u0259bii \u015f\u0259rait v\u0259 ehtiyatlar\u0131.
\n\u0130ki qit\u0259d\u0259: Avropa v\u0259 Asiyada yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin sah\u0259si 779 min km 2 -dir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin Avropa hiss\u0259si \u015e\u0259rqi Frakiya v\u0259 ya Rumeli adlanmaqla \u00fcmumi \u0259razinin 3%-ni (23,7 min km 2 ), Asiya hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Anadolu adlanmaqla \u00fcmumi \u0259razinin 97%-ni \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Avropa v\u0259 Asiya hiss\u0259l\u0259rini bir-birind\u0259n Egey d\u0259nizi, Bosfor v\u0259 Dardanel bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ticar\u0259t v\u0259 h\u0259rbi-strateji yollar (avtomobil v\u0259 d\u0259mir) k\u0259simind\u0259 v\u0259 3 d\u0259niz (\u015fimalda Qara, q\u0259rbd\u0259 Egey, c\u0259nubda Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi) \u0259hat\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir, bu da onun co\u011frafi v\u0259 geosiyasi m\u00f6vqeyinin \u0259lveri\u015fliyini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 da\u011fl\u0131q \u00f6lk\u0259dir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin d\u0259niz s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n orta y\u00fcks\u0259kliyi 1132 m-dir. M\u0259rk\u0259zi hiss\u0259d\u0259 Anadolu yaylas\u0131, k\u0259narlar\u0131nda is\u0259 silsil\u0259l\u0259r yerl\u0259\u015fir (\u015fimalda Pont, c\u0259nubda Tavr). Anadolu yaylas\u0131 3 rayona b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr: Q\u0259rbi, Daxili v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi. Q\u0259rbi Anadolu \u2013 Egey v\u0259 M\u0259rm\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259nizl\u0259rinin sahill\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Buradak\u0131 da\u011flar orta y\u00fcks\u0259kliy\u0259 malikdir (Uluda\u011f \u2013 2543 m). T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin ucqar \u015fimal-q\u0259rbinin (\u015e\u0259rqi Frakiya) relyefi d\u00fcz\u0259nlik oldu\u011fundan k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259lveri\u015flidir. Daxili Anadolu \u2013 Anadolu yaylas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ox y\u00fcks\u0259k hiss\u0259sidir. H\u00fcnd\u00fcrl\u00fcy\u00fc 850 m olan da\u011f tir\u0259sind\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin paytaxt\u0131 Ankara \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri yerl\u0259\u015fir. \u015e\u0259rqi Anadolu \u2013 \u0130ranla s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259kl\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k n\u00f6qt\u0259si (5165 m) ucalan A\u011fr\u0131da\u011fdan ibar\u0259tdir. Pont da\u011flar\u0131 Qara d\u0259niz sahill\u0259rin\u0259 paralel 100 km m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 uzan\u0131r. Pont da\u011flar\u0131 Sinopdan \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259 3000\u20133700 m-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ucal\u0131r (\u0259n h\u00fcnd\u00fcr n\u00f6qt\u0259 Trabzon yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Qa\u00e7qar \u2013 3937 m). T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin c\u0259nubunda Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi boyu v\u0259 ondan \u015f\u0259rq\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259-\u0130ran s\u0259rh\u0259ddin\u0259d\u0259k Tavr da\u011flar\u0131 uzan\u0131r. O, Q\u0259rbi, M\u0259rk\u0259zi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqi Tavrlara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr[22].<\/p>\n

T\u0259bii ehtiyatlar\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u0259bii ehtiyatlarla o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 z\u0259ngin deyildir. \u018fsas\u0259n xromit (Toros), h\u0259m\u00e7inin da\u015f v\u0259 qonur k\u00f6m\u00fcr, civ\u0259, s\u00fcrm\u0259, mis, molibden, manqan, volfram, d\u0259mir filizinin ehtiyat\u0131 vard\u0131r. B\u0259z\u0259n neft-qaz ehtiyat\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6st\u0259rilir[22].<\/p>\n

\u0130qlimi
\nQara d\u0259niz sahill\u0259rind\u0259 iqlim Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizind\u0259n r\u00fctub\u0259tli subtropik\u0259 ke\u00e7id t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Burada iqlim yum\u015faqd\u0131r, bu da \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u0259rk\u0259z hiss\u0259sind\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n soyuq atmosfer ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 alan da\u011flar v\u0259 d\u0259niz hava k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r. Egey v\u0259 Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi sahill\u0259rinin iqlimi subtropik Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi tiplidir (isti v\u0259 quru yay, yum\u015faq v\u0259 ya\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 q\u0131\u015f). T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin daxili hiss\u0259l\u0259rinin iqlimi kontinental tipli subtropikdir. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 yanvar\u0131n orta temperaturu 4; 7 0 C, iyulun is\u0259 20; 24 0 C-dir. Q\u0259rb\u0259 635 mm, \u015f\u0259rq\u0259 2500 mm ya\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr (\u0259sas\u0259n oktyabr-mart). \u015e\u0259rq hiss\u0259 \u00e7ox \u015faxtal\u0131d\u0131r (\u0259n minimum temperatur -40 0 C burada qeyd\u0259 al\u0131n\u0131b)[22].<\/p>\n

Daxili sular\u0131
\nKonya d\u00fcz\u0259nliyi istisna olmaqla \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 \u00e7ay \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si s\u0131xd\u0131r. Lakin bu \u00e7aylar da\u011f m\u0259n\u015f\u0259li oldu\u011fundan g\u0259mi\u00e7iliy\u0259 yararl\u0131 deyildir. Ya\u015f\u0131l \u0130rmak, Q\u0131z\u0131l \u0130rmak \u0259sas, h\u0259m\u00e7inin F\u0259rat, D\u0259cl\u0259 \u00e7aylar\u0131, Van is\u0259 g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr[22].<\/p>\n

\u018frazi
\nAsiyan\u0131n c\u0259nub \u2013 q\u0259rbind\u0259, Qara d\u0259niz v\u0259 Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi aras\u0131nda, Anadolu yar\u0131madas\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015fir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Statistika \u0130nsitutunun m\u0259lumat\u0131na \u0259sas\u0259n daxili su h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin \u00fcmumi \u0259razisi 783562.38 km\u00b2 t\u0259\u015fkil edir ki, bunun da 769603.74 km\u00b2-i quru, 13958.64 km\u00b2-i is\u0259 daxili su h\u00f6vz\u0259l\u0259ridir.[23]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, Erm\u0259nistan, Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 \u0130ran, c\u0259nubdan \u0130raq v\u0259 Suriya, q\u0259rbd\u0259n Yunan\u0131stan v\u0259 Bolqar\u0131stan il\u0259 h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin M\u0259rm\u0259r\u0259, Egey, Aral\u0131q v\u0259 Qara d\u0259nizl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmas\u0131 ona d\u00fcnya okean\u0131na \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f imkan\u0131 verir. \u018fn uca da\u011f\u0131 A\u011fr\u0131 da\u011f\u0131, \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck g\u00f6l\u00fc Van g\u00f6l\u00fcd\u00fcr.[24]<\/p>\n

\u00d6lk\u0259 7 b\u00f6lg\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 81 vilay\u0259t\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u015fimal\u0131nda d\u0259niz iqlimi hakimdir, c\u0259nubuna Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi iqlimi hakimdir v\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259z v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rq hiss\u0259sind\u0259 is\u0259 quru bozq\u0131r tipli kontinental iqlim hakimdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nzibati-\u0259razi b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin inzibati b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc
\nBlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png<\/p>\n

Ankara
\nK\u0131rklareli
\n\u018fdirn\u0259
\nT\u0259kirda\u011f
\n\u00c7anaqqala
\nBal\u0131k\u0259sir
\nBursa
\nYalova
\n\u0130stanbul
\nKocaeli
\nSakarya
\nD\u00fczce
\nZonquldak
\nBolu
\nBil\u0259cik
\n\u018fski\u015f\u0259h\u0259r
\nK\u00fctahya
\nManisa
\n\u0130zmir
\nAyd\u0131n
\nMu\u011fla
\nD\u0259nizli
\nBurdur
\nU\u015fak
\nAfyon
\n\u0130sparta
\nAntalya
\nKonya
\nMersin
\nKaraman
\nAksaray
\nK\u0131r\u015f\u0259h\u0259r
\nK\u0131r\u0131kkale
\n\u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131
\nKarab\u00fck
\nBart\u0131n
\nKastamonu
\nSinop
\n\u00c7orum
\nYozqat
\nNev\u015f\u0259h\u0259r
\nNi\u011fd\u0259
\nAdana
\nHatay
\nOsmaniy\u0259
\nQ\u0259hr\u0259manm\u0259r\u0259\u015f
\nKayseri
\nSivas
\nTokat
\nAmasya
\nSamsun
\nOrdu
\nGir\u0259sun
\n\u018frzincan
\nMalatya
\nQaziantep
\nKilis
\n\u015eanl\u0131urfa
\nAd\u0131yaman
\nG\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fxan\u0259
\nTrabzon
\nRiz\u0259
\nBayburt
\n\u018frzurum
\nArtvin
\n\u018frd\u0259han
\nQars
\nA\u011fr\u0131
\n\u0130\u011fd\u0131r
\nTunc\u0259li
\nElaz\u0131\u011f
\nDiyarbak\u0131r
\nMardin
\nBatman
\nSiirt
\n\u015e\u0131rnak
\nBitlis
\nBing\u00f6l
\nMu\u015f
\nVan
\nHakkari
\n\u018fhali
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u0259halisi
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Statistika Qurumunun 31 dekabr 2016-c\u00fc il tarixin\u0259 olan r\u0259smi t\u0259xminin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259ti \u0259halisi 79.814.000 n\u0259f\u0259rdir .[25] Konda-Ara\u015ft\u0131rma v\u0259 Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin sifari\u015fi il\u0259 1993-c\u00fc ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n etnik v\u0259 sosial qurulu\u015funu \u00f6yr\u0259nm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259diyl\u0259 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yekunlar\u0131na \u0259sas\u0131nda 2006-c\u0131 il\u0259 verdiyi t\u0259xmin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin 72.975 milyon n\u0259f\u0259r \u0259halisinin 76 %-ni Anadolu t\u00fcrkl\u0259ri , 15.7 %-ni K\u00fcrdl\u0259r v\u0259 Zazalar, 2.8 %-ni dig\u0259r t\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri , 0.7 %-ni \u0259r\u0259bl\u0259r , 4.7 %-ni is\u0259 dig\u0259r etnik qruplar t\u0259\u015fkil edir .[26][27]<\/p>\n

Dil
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n r\u0259smi d\u00f6vl\u0259t dili T\u00fcrk dilidir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u00fcrkc\u0259si, Az\u0259rbaycan t\u00fcrkc\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7ox yax\u0131nd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 r\u0259smi olaraq \u0130stanbul \u015fiv\u0259si \u0259sas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u00fcrkc\u0259si b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas dili hesab olunur. Bunun s\u0259b\u0259bi T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u00fcrkc\u0259sinin b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrk xalqlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kondan\u0131n sor\u011fusuna \u0259sas\u0259n
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 18 ya\u015fdan yuxar\u0131
\nolan \u0259hali aras\u0131nda \u0259n \u00e7ox
\ndan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan 5 dil (2006)[28]
\nAna dili\t\t\tNisb\u0259ti
\nT\u00fcrk dili
\n \u2009
\n84.54%
\nK\u00fcrd dili
\n \u2009
\n11.97%
\n\u018fr\u0259b dili
\n \u2009
\n1.38%
\nZaza dili
\n \u2009
\n1.01%
\nLaz dili
\n \u2009
\n0.12%
\nDig\u0259r
\n \u2009
\n0.98%
\nDin
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131nda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif dini konfessiyalar f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Onlardan \u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130slamd\u0131r. 1965-ci ild\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f r\u0259smi \u0259hali siyah\u0131ya almas\u0131n\u0131n elan olunmu\u015f n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 o zaman ya\u015fayan 31.391.421 n\u0259f\u0259r \u0259halinin 31.129.854 n\u0259f\u0259ri m\u00fcs\u0259lman (h\u0259m\u00e7inin 206.825 n\u0259f\u0259r xristian, 45.995 n\u0259f\u0259r iudaist, 2.746 n\u0259f\u0259r dig\u0259r dinl\u0259r, 613 n\u0259f\u0259r dinsiz, 2.494 n\u0259f\u0259r bilinmir) oldu\u011funu b\u0259yan etmi\u015fdir.[29]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 \u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f din \u0130slamd\u0131r v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259lumatlara \u0259sas\u0259n \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin 99.8%-i m\u00fcs\u0259lmanlardan ibar\u0259tdir. Ancaq b\u0259zi dig\u0259r m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 bu m\u0259lumat f\u0259rqlilik g\u00f6st\u0259rir v\u0259 96.4% olaraq g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. \u00dcmumilikd\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r sald\u0131qda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 r\u0259smi dini olmayan bir d\u00f6vl\u0259tdir v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259nin konstitusiyas\u0131nda da bu \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f\u0131 olan h\u0259r bir k\u0259sin din v\u0259 vicdan azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u0259zah\u00fcr edir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 \u00fcmumilikd\u0259 m\u0259scid say\u0131 is\u0259 80.000-d\u0259n \u00e7oxdur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131nda m\u00fcs\u0259lman olmayanlar\u0131n say\u0131 1914-c\u00fc ild\u0259 19% oldu\u011fu halda bu say\u0131 1927-ci ild\u0259 2.5%-\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. M\u00fcasir d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 katolikl\u0259r v\u0259 ortodokslar da daxil olmaqla m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259zh\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n 120.000 xristian vard\u0131r ki, bu da \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259halisinin 0.2%-d\u0259n daha azd\u0131r. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q olan kils\u0259 say\u0131 is\u0259 236-d\u0131r. \u0130stanbul \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri 4-c\u00fc \u0259srd\u0259n bu yana \u015e\u0259rq Ortodoks Kils\u0259sinin m\u0259rk\u0259zi hesab olunur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 ya\u015fayan y\u0259hudi say\u0131s\u0131 is\u0259 26.000 hesablanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 ilk y\u0259hudil\u0259r e.\u0259. 5-ci \u0259srd\u0259n etibar\u0259n m\u0259sk\u0259n salm\u0131\u015flar. Sonradan 20-ci \u0259srd\u0259ki miqrasiyalara baxmayaraq h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 az da olsa, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 y\u0259hudi \u0259hali qalmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarix
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 tarixi
\nQ\u0259dim d\u00f6vr<\/p>\n

Celsus kitabxanas\u0131
\nM\u00fcasir T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi Anadolu yar\u0131madas\u0131 tarix boyu \u00e7oxlu sivilizasiyalar\u0131n m\u0259rk\u0259zi olmu\u015fdur. T\u00fcrkl\u0259rin Anadoluya g\u0259li\u015fi is\u0259 XI \u0259sr\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf edir. 1071-ci ild\u0259 Malazgird d\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259 Bizans\u0131 m\u0259\u011flub eden s\u0259lcuqlular paytaxt\u0131 \u0130znikd\u0259 olan t\u00fcrk d\u00f6vl\u0259tinin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydular. XIII \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda s\u0259lcuqlular\u0131n z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259si fonunda Anadolunun \u015fimal-q\u0259rbind\u0259 q\u0259rar tutun osmano\u011fullar\u0131 g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1299-cu ild\u0259n ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f prosesl\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 1326-c\u0131 ild\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi Bursa \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri olan yeni siyasi idar\u0259\u00e7ilik formas\u0131 – Osmanl\u0131 quruldu. \u018frazil\u0259rin geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si il\u0259 paytaxt \u018fdirn\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Daha sonra 1453-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Konstantinopolun tutulmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin ad\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdirildi v\u0259 paytaxt \u0130stanbul elan edildi. D\u00fcnya tarixind\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u0259n uzun\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc (600 ild\u0259n \u00e7ox) v\u0259 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck imperiyalardan (Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mperiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 qit\u0259d\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131 olmu\u015fdur) biri hesab olunur.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyy\u0259t d\u00f6vr\u00fc
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Qurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk s\u00fcvari birlikl\u0259rinin \u0130zmir\u0259 giri\u015fi
\nXIX \u0259srin sonlar\u0131nda z\u0259if idar\u0259\u00e7ilik,imperiya t\u0259rkibind\u0259 seperat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259nm\u0259si v\u0259 Avropa \u0259razisind\u0259 Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n vaxta\u015f\u0131r\u0131 m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259ti \u0130mperiyan\u0131 h\u0259dsiz z\u0259ifl\u0259tdi. Z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259 olan \u0130mperiya Birinci d\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259sini u\u011fursuzluqla ba\u015fa vurdu. M\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259n sonrak\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Avropa d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u00f6z aralar\u0131nda imzalad\u0131qlar\u0131 m\u00fcqavil\u0259l\u0259rin faktiki m\u0259qs\u0259di Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259sinin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si idi. \u0130zmir Yunan\u0131stan\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc v\u0259 15 may 1919-cu ild\u0259 yunanlar \u0130zmir\u0259 daxil oldular. Bundan sonra T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 professional h\u0259rbi\u00e7i Mustafa Kamal Atat\u00fcrk pa\u015fan\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 Azadl\u0131q h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131 ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si ba\u015flayanda Q\u0259rb d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259ri SSR\u0130 il\u0259 Almaniyan\u0131 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 toqqu\u015fdurma\u011fa can at\u0131rd\u0131lar. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Sovet h\u00f6kum\u0259tin\u0259 d\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 yard\u0131m haqq\u0131nda m\u00fcqavil\u0259 imzalama\u011f\u0131 t\u0259klif etdi. SSR\u0130 bu m\u00fcqavil\u0259 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 Fransa il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 yarada bil\u0259rdi. Lakin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc bit\u0259r\u0259f elan ed\u0259n SSR\u0130 bu t\u0259klifi r\u0259dd etdi. O, \u0259v\u0259zind\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259y\u0259 Qara d\u0259niz v\u0259 bo\u011fazlar rayonunda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 yard\u0131m haqq\u0131nda ikit\u0259r\u0259fli sazi\u015f t\u0259klifini ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 is\u0259 bu t\u0259klifl\u0259 raz\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131. 1939-cu il oktyabr\u0131n 19-da T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 Fransa il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 yard\u0131m haqq\u0131nda h\u0259rbi m\u00fcqavil\u0259 imzalad\u0131. M\u00fcqavil\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, Aral\u0131q d\u0259nizi zonas\u0131nda h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir t\u0259cav\u00fcz akt\u0131 t\u00f6r\u0259dildikd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 bu d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131q \u00f6hd\u0259liyini \u00f6z \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bununla da o, Almaniya il\u0259 m\u00fcharib\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259tind\u0259 olan ingilis-frans\u0131z blokuna qo\u015fulmu\u015f oldu. SSR\u0130 \u00fczerin\u0259 h\u00fccum ed\u0259n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r Almaniya t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Avropan\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259r hiss\u0259sinin i\u015f\u011fal edilm\u0259si T\u00fcrkiy\u0259ni narahat etm\u0259y\u0259 bilm\u0259zdi. 1940-c\u0131 ilin fevral\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 B\u00f6y\u00fck Mill\u0259t M\u0259clisi “Milletin m\u00fcdafi\u0259si haqq\u0131nda” qanun q\u0259bul etdi. Bu qanuna g\u00f6r\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259t\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 h\u0259rbi rels \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 ke\u00e7irm\u0259k v\u0259 h\u0259rbi d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ordusunu yaratmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259r verilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si d\u00f6vr\u00fc<\/p>\n

1941-ci ild\u0259 T\u00fcrk \u0259sg\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n Ayasofya Muzeyinin minar\u0259sind\u0259n yerl\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259n MG08 pulemyotu.
\n1941-ci il iyunun 18-d\u0259 is\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti Almaniya il\u0259 dostluq va h\u00fccum etm\u0259m\u0259k haqq\u0131nda m\u00fcqavil\u0259 imzalad\u0131. Almaniya SSR\u0130-y\u0259 h\u00fccum etdikd\u0259n sonra, iyunun 25-d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn bit\u0259r\u0259fliyini elan etdi. M\u00fcharib\u0259 ill\u0259rind\u0259 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f “Mill\u0259tin m\u00fcdafi\u0259si haqq\u0131nda” qanuna \u0259sas\u0259n h\u00f6kum\u0259t \u0259m\u0259k m\u00fck\u0259ll\u0259fiyy\u0259ti t\u0259tbiq etdi. M\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc uzad\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 bit\u0259r\u0259f \u00f6lk\u0259 kimi m\u00fcharib\u0259 ed\u0259n t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rl\u0259, x\u00fcsus\u0259n h\u0259m Almaniya, h\u0259m d\u0259 AB\u015e v\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 il\u0259 iqtisadi \u0259m\u0259kda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davam etdirdi. Mis, pamb\u0131q, d\u0259ri, yun, t\u00fct\u00fcn, meyv\u0259 ixrac ed\u0259nl\u0259r v\u0259 tax\u0131l, par\u00e7a, ma\u015f\u0131n avadanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 idxal ed\u0259nl\u0259r h\u0259m Almaniya il\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 AB\u015e v\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 il\u0259 ticar\u0259t \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri saxlay\u0131rd\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin Almaniya v\u0259 onun m\u00fctt\u0259fiql\u0259rini strateji xammal, meyve qurusu v\u0259 s. il\u0259 t\u0259chiz edirdi.<\/p>\n

1941-1942-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ixracat\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131dan \u00e7oxu Almaniyan\u0131n pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6lk\u0259d\u0259 bir milyonluq ordunun saxlanmas\u0131 h\u0259rbi x\u0259rcl\u0259ri art\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bu is\u0259 iqtisadi v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. D\u0259nli bitkil\u0259rin \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin azald\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259hzuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yar\u0131ya q\u0259d\u0259r a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si k\u0259skin \u0259rzaq q\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u00c7\u00f6r\u0259yin bazar qiym\u0259ti s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 artm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. H\u00f6k\u00fcm\u0259t iri \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 talon sistemin\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur olmu\u015fdu. \u018frzaq m\u0259hzullar\u0131 v\u0259 geni\u015f t\u0259l\u0259bat olan mallar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmamazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 bahal\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olmu\u015fdu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar is\u0259 z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259nin var-yoxdan \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131na va acl\u0131\u011fa g\u0259tirib \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avropal\u0131 d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fctt\u0259fiqlik<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Qahir\u0259 Konfrans\u0131nda AB\u015e prezidenti (D\u00f6vl\u0259t Ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131) Roosevelt, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131n\u0131n Prezidenti \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc v\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 Ba\u015f naziri Churchill (3 dekabr 1943), Qahir\u0259.
\n1942-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f qanuna \u0259sas\u0259n \u0259mlak \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259 vergi qoyulmu\u015fdu. Vergini \u00f6d\u0259m\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259rin \u0259mlak\u0131 m\u00fcsadir\u0259 olunurdu. H\u00f6kum\u0259t, h\u0259m\u00e7inin k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin tax\u0131l ehtiyat\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcsadir\u0259 edir ve m\u0259hzulun 20-50%-nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 qiym\u0259tl\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259cburi sur\u0259tda t\u0259tbiq edirdi. M\u00fcharib\u0259 ill\u0259rind\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 b\u0259zi qanunlara \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r edilmi\u015fdi. Polis xidm\u0259ti haqq\u0131nda qanunda polis\u0259 ist\u0259diyi vaxt h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir \u015f\u0259xsi h\u0259bs etm\u0259k h\u00fcququ verilmi\u015fdi. \u0130stanbul, \u00c7anaqqala, Qocaeli, \u018fdirne, Q\u0131rxlareli v\u0259 Tekirda\u011fda f\u00f6vq\u0259lad\u0259, Sovet \u0130ttifaq\u0131 ila s\u0259rh\u0259d olan vilay\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 h\u0259rbi v\u0259ziyy\u0259t elan olunmu\u015fdu. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin b\u0259zi hakim dair\u0259l\u0259rinin fa\u015fistp\u0259r\u0259st siyas\u0259ti \u00f6lk\u0259nin m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin m\u00fcqavim\u0259tin\u0259 rast g\u0259ldi. G\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 t\u0259crid olunmamaq v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 ictimaiyyatinin naraz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aradan qald\u0131rmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 h\u00f6kum\u0259ti 1944-c\u00fc il avqustun 2-d\u0259 Almaniya il\u0259 diplomatiK \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri k\u0259sdi. \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 AB\u015e g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k planlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t verirdil\u0259r. 1943-c\u00fc ilin sonunda AB\u015e prezidenti Franklin Delano Ruzvelt va \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259nin ba\u015f naziri \u00c7\u00f6r\u00e7ill Qahir\u0259d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 prezidenti \u0130sm\u0259t \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc il\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcl\u0259r. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin Balkanlarda m\u00fcharib\u0259d\u0259 i\u015ftirak\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si m\u00fczakir\u0259 olundu. Lakin 1944-c\u00fc ilin pay\u0131z\u0131nda Balkan d\u00f6vl\u0259tl\u0259rinin Sovet ordusu t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015f\u011fal\u00e7\u0131lardan azad edilm\u0259si ingilis-amerikan plan\u0131n\u0131 pozdu. Onlar yaln\u0131z Yunan\u0131standa k\u00f6hn\u0259 rejimi xilas ed\u0259 bildil\u0259r. AB\u015e v\u0259 \u0130ngilt\u0259r\u0259nin t\u0259hriki il\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 1945-ci ilin fevral\u0131nda Almaniya v\u0259 Yaponiyaya m\u00fcharib\u0259 elan etdi. Bu add\u0131m simvolik s\u0259ciyy\u0259 da\u015f\u0131sa da, T\u00fcrkiy\u0259ni beynalxalq al\u0259md\u0259 t\u0259crid olmaqdan xilas etdi.<\/p>\n

Siyas\u0259t
\n1919-1923-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 Mustafa Kamal Pa\u015fa (Atat\u00fcrk) r\u0259hb\u0259rliyind\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n \u0130stiqlal Mubariz\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 \u00f6z m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyini b\u0259rpa etdi, prosesin yekun m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 is\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 s\u0259lt\u0259n\u0259ti s\u00fcquta u\u011frad\u0131, m\u00fcasir s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r daxilind\u0259 (Hatay b\u00f6lg\u0259sini \u00e7\u0131xmaq \u015f\u0259rti il\u0259) T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 quruldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130qtisadiyyat<\/p>\n

Levent, \u0130stanbul maliyy\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zi
\nQurtulu\u015f ill\u0259rind\u0259 Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6vl\u0259tinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f vaxt\u0131nda sava\u015f m\u0259\u011flubiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri ke\u00e7mi\u015fiyl\u0259 ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 iqtisadiyyat\u0131 1923-c\u00fc ild\u0259n sonrak\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 a\u011f\u0131r v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 idi. \u0130stanbul v\u0259 \u0130zmird\u0259n ba\u015fqa dig\u0259r he\u00e7 bir s\u0259naye \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri v\u0259 t\u0259hsil m\u0259rk\u0259zi m\u00f6vcud deyildi. \u018fn h\u0259yati vacib m\u0259hzullar bel\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 istehsal olunmurdu. 12 milyonluq \u0259halinin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti,ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 yoxsul insanlar,savads\u0131z idi.Anadoludaki b\u00f6y\u00fck torpaq sahibl\u0259ri d\u0259 s\u0259naye burjaziyas\u0131n\u0131 yaratmaqda maraql\u0131 deyildil\u0259r.Haz\u0131rda T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 2023-c\u00fc il\u0259d\u0259k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n on \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck iqtisadiyyat\u0131ndan birin\u0259 sahib olmaq h\u0259d\u0259fi var.<\/p>\n

T\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat sah\u0259l\u0259ri
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 – s\u0259naye-aqrar \u00f6lk\u0259sidir. XX \u0259srin 80-ci ill\u0259rind\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 g\u0259tirilm\u0259 xammal v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rin k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si v\u0259 ya bu \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259hsullar\u0131n\u0131 istehsal etm\u0259si say\u0259sind\u0259 emaledici s\u0259naye y\u00fcks\u0259k inki\u015faf edir. Qara v\u0259 \u0259lvan metallurgiya, neft emal\u0131 (\u0130zmir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259), kimya (Band\u0131rma \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259), tikinti materiallar\u0131 istehsal\u0131, y\u00fcng\u00fcl (toxuculuq), yeyinti s\u0259nayesi f\u0259rql\u0259nir. \u0130stilik Elektrik Stansiyalar\u0131 (\u0130ES) \u0259sas elektrik enerjisi istehsal\u0131 m\u0259nb\u0259yidir, h\u0259m\u00e7inin bu stansiyalar k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259yir. Suriya il\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259, F\u0259rat \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck hidroenerji kompleksi (SES) yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r (h\u0259m Suriya, h\u0259m d\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 istifad\u0259 edir). Neft v\u0259 qaz idxal olunur. Elektrotexnika v\u0259 elektronika s\u0259nayesi y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 da inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. K\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131nda \u0259kin\u00e7ilik heyvandarl\u0131\u011fa n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n x\u00fcsusil\u0259 se\u00e7ilir. Anadolu yaylas\u0131 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259lveri\u015flidir. \u018frazid\u0259 pamb\u0131q, g\u00fcn\u0259baxan, \u015f\u0259k\u0259r \u00e7u\u011funduru, zeytun, f\u0131nd\u0131q, t\u00fct\u00fcn, \u00fcz\u00fcm, d\u0259nli bitkil\u0259r (bu\u011fda, arpa, qar\u011f\u0131dal\u0131, \u00e7\u0259ltik, v\u0259l\u0259mir) bec\u0259rilir. \u201cSamsun\u201d v\u0259 \u201cTrabzon\u201d n\u00f6vl\u00fc t\u00fct\u00fcnl\u0259r, h\u0259m\u00e7inin f\u0131nd\u0131q \u0259kinin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyada se\u00e7ilir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 pamb\u0131q y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyada VI (0,8 mln ton), bu\u011fdaya g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u00fcnyada IX (20 mln ton), \u015f\u0259k\u0259r \u00e7u\u011funduru y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259 IV-d\u00fcr (2,7 mln ton). Heyvandarl\u0131qda qoyun\u00e7uluq (anqor tiftiyi), qu\u015f\u00e7uluq v\u0259 maldarl\u0131q inki\u015faf etmi\u015fdir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n inki\u015faf etmi\u015f n\u0259qliyyat \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sin\u0259 malikdir. Daxili s\u0259rni\u015fin v\u0259 y\u00fck da\u015f\u0131malar \u0259sas\u0259n avtomobil n\u0259qliyyat\u0131 il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. D\u0259mir yollar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu c\u0259mi 3,4 min km-dir. Xarici ticar\u0259t \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259niz n\u0259qliyyat\u0131 \u0259sas \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r. M\u00fch\u00fcm d\u0259niz limanlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Samsun, \u0130sg\u0259nd\u0259rundur. \u201cT\u00fcrk hava yollar\u0131\u201d h\u0259m daxili, h\u0259m d\u0259 xarici s\u0259rni\u015fin da\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir[22].<\/p>\n

Ordu
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri
\n21 noyabr 2011-ci ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259r Komandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131qlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u0259smi r\u0259q\u0259ml\u0259r\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n TSQ-nin \u015f\u0259xsi hey\u0259ti 720 min n\u0259f\u0259r (666.576 h\u0259rbi personal v\u0259 53.424 m\u00fclki i\u015f\u00e7i) olmu\u015fdur .[30][31] 3 yanvar 2012-ci il tarixin\u0259 olan \u0259n son r\u0259smi elan olunmu\u015f x\u0259b\u0259r\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n TSQ-nin \u015f\u0259xsi hey\u0259ti 8.241 n\u0259f\u0259r azald\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r v\u0259 haz\u0131rda \u015f\u0259xsi hey\u0259tin say\u0131 711.759 n\u0259f\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir .[32][33]<\/p>\n

T\u0259hsil
\nQurulu\u015f ill\u0259rind\u0259 y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan 12 milyon \u0259halinin \u00e7oxu oxuma-yazma bilmirdi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczd\u0259 bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 97%-si oxuma-yazma bilir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 t\u0259hsil sistemi, 8 illik vacib t\u0259hsil\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. Daha sonra, 4 illik orta t\u0259hsil sistemi var. Universitet\u0259 ke\u00e7id “T\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 Se\u00e7m\u0259 S\u0131na\u011f\u0131” vasit\u0259si il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. Geni\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f t\u0259hsil sisteml\u0259ri bazas\u0131nda xalq t\u0259hsili m\u00f6vcuddur. A\u00e7\u0131q t\u0259hsil sistemi d\u0259 \u00e7ox vaxt \u015fagird t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n i\u015fl\u0259dilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

Universitetler<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Texniki Universiteti Ma\u00e7ka kampusu<\/p>\n

Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Universiteti
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 1930-cu il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r c\u0259mi 2 universitet – \u0130stanbul Universiteti v\u0259 \u0130stanbul Texniki Universiteti m\u00f6vcud oldu\u011fu halda, bu g\u00fcn 170-d\u0259n art\u0131q ali m\u0259kt\u0259b f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u00d6lk\u0259nin \u0259n q\u0259dim ali m\u0259kt\u0259bi olan \u0130stanbul Universiteti 1456-c\u0131 ild\u0259, \u0130stanbul Texniki Universiteti is\u0259 1773-c\u00fc ild\u0259 yarad\u0131l\u0131b. Onu da qeyd ed\u0259k ki, son 50 ild\u0259 qarda\u015f \u00f6lk\u0259nin ali m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 idar\u0259etm\u0259 bax\u0131m\u0131ndan olduqca b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259rb\u0259stlik verilib. Universitetl\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259bul T\u0259l\u0259b\u0259 Se\u00e7m\u0259 S\u0131na\u011f\u0131 vasit\u0259si il\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin milli t\u0259hsil sistemi planl\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259yani t\u0259hsil olaraq, iki \u0259sas hiss\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir.Planl\u0131 t\u0259hsil, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ya\u015f qrupundak\u0131 v\u0259 eyni s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259ki \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, m\u00fcvafiq proqramlarla m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259dris edil\u0259n sistemli t\u0259hsildir. Planl\u0131 t\u0259hsil m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r, ibtidai, orta v\u0259 ali t\u0259hsili \u0259hat\u0259 edir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin \u0259n q\u0259dim universiteti olan \u0130stanbul Universitetinin qurulu\u015fu 1456-c\u0131 il\u0259, ilk texniki universitet olan \u0130stanbul Texniki Universitetinin qurulu\u015fu is\u0259 1773-c\u00fc il\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf edir.<\/p>\n

1961-ci ild\u0259 Anayasan\u0131n 120-ci madd\u0259sind\u0259 universitetl\u0259r \u00f6z\u0259l qurulu\u015flar olaraq yer al\u0131r. 27 sentyabr 1960-c\u0131 il tarixli 115 sayl\u0131 qanuna \u0259sas\u0259n 1946-c\u0131 il tarixli 4936 sayl\u0131 qanunun b\u0259zi madd\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259yi\u015fdirilmi\u015fdir, yeni madd\u0259l\u0259r \u0259lav\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Bu qanunla Milli T\u0259hsil Nazirliyinin Universitet \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 s\u0259lahiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri azalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259hsil
\nM\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259hsil pill\u0259sind\u0259 3-5 ya\u015fl\u0131 u\u015faqlar\u0131n k\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc t\u0259hsili n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur. M\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rinin f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti 3 formada h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir-m\u00fcst\u0259qil, q\u0131z pe\u015f\u0259 liseyl\u0259rin\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131naq sinifl\u0259ri v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rinin n\u0259zdind\u0259ki ba\u011f\u00e7alar kimi. M\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259hsilin m\u0259qs\u0259di u\u015faqlar\u0131n fiziki, zehni, psixoloji inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131, ibtidai t\u0259hsil\u0259 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fcvafiq v\u0259rdi\u015fl\u0259r qazanmas\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcrk dilind\u0259 s\u0259lis dan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259r\u0259k t\u0259lim-t\u0259rbiy\u0259 m\u00fchiti yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259kdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130btidai t\u0259hsil
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 ibtidai t\u0259hsil icbaridir v\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259t m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 pulsuzdur. \u0130btidai t\u0259hsil pill\u0259si 6-14 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndak\u0131 u\u015faqlar\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir. \u0130btidai t\u0259hsilin m\u0259qs\u0259di u\u015faqlar\u0131n yax\u015f\u0131 bir v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f kimi yeti\u015fm\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259k, onlar\u0131n z\u0259ruri m\u0259lumat, qabiliyy\u0259t, davran\u0131\u015f, v\u0259rdi\u015f qazanmas\u0131na, milli ruhda formala\u015fmalar\u0131na yard\u0131m\u00e7\u0131 olmaqd\u0131r. \u015eagirdl\u0259rin maraq, bacar\u0131q v\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259t istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun inki\u015faf\u0131, onlar\u0131n h\u0259yata v\u0259 n\u00f6vb\u0259ti t\u0259hsil pill\u0259sin\u0259 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 da ibtidai t\u0259hsilin ba\u015fl\u0131ca v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259ndir. S\u0259kkizillik ibtidai t\u0259hsilin sonunda \u015fagirdl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq diplom verilir.<\/p>\n

Orta t\u0259hsil
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 orta t\u0259hsil d\u00f6rdillikdir. Orta t\u0259hsil \u00fcmumi, pe\u015f\u0259 v\u0259 texniki orta t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259rini \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Orta t\u0259hsilin m\u0259qs\u0259di \u015fagirdl\u0259r\u0259 ortaq m\u0259d\u0259ni d\u0259y\u0259rl\u0259r a\u015f\u0131lamaq, f\u0259rd v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini anlatmaq, onlar\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259nin sosial-iqtisadi v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni inki\u015faf\u0131na layiqli t\u00f6hf\u0259l\u0259r ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f kimi yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k, \u015fagirdl\u0259ri h\u0259m ali t\u0259hsil\u0259, h\u0259m pe\u015f\u0259y\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil h\u0259yata haz\u0131rlamaqd\u0131r. Orta t\u0259hsil m\u00fcxt\u0259lif proqramlara uy\u011fun t\u0259dris\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r. \u015eagirdl\u0259r ist\u0259k v\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 bu proqramlardan birini se\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k \u00fcmumi liseyl\u0259rd\u0259, f\u0259nn liseyl\u0259rind\u0259, sosial elml\u0259r liseyl\u0259rind\u0259, idman liseyl\u0259rind\u0259, inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t liseyl\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259 \u00e7oxproqraml\u0131 liseyl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259hsil ala bil\u0259rl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Ali t\u0259hsil
\nAli t\u0259hsil orta m\u0259kt\u0259b m\u0259zunlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcvafiq ixtisaslara sahib olmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259li m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r kimi yeti\u015fm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259nin ali t\u0259hsil m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131na universitetl\u0259r, institutlar, konservatoriyalar, pe\u015f\u0259 ali m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri daxildir. T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 104 d\u00f6vl\u0259t, 62 v\u0259qf universiteti v\u0259 7 pe\u015f\u0259 ali m\u0259kt\u0259bi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 ali t\u0259hsilinin m\u0259qs\u0259d v\u0259 v\u0259zif\u0259l\u0259ri milli t\u0259hsilin \u00fcmumi m\u0259qs\u0259d v\u0259 t\u0259m\u0259l prinsipl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilib:<\/p>\n

T\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259ri maraq, istedad v\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259tl\u0259ri m\u00fcqabilind\u0259 d\u00f6vl\u0259tin elm v\u0259 t\u0259hsil siyas\u0259tin\u0259, \u0259m\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259ti ehtiyaclar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k;
\nM\u00fcxt\u0259lif istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 elmi inki\u015fafa nail olmaq;
\n\u00d6lk\u0259nin \u00fcmumi inki\u015faf\u0131 namin\u0259 d\u0259rin elmi ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar aparmaq;
\nH\u00f6kum\u0259t v\u0259 qeyri-h\u00f6kum\u0259t t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131 il\u0259 i\u015fbirliyi \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 t\u0259dris v\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131rma m\u00f6vzular\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rini c\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 t\u0259qdim etm\u0259k;
\nElmi ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar\u0131n n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 h\u0259sr olunmu\u015f, elm v\u0259 texnikan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n n\u0259\u015frl\u0259ri t\u0259qdim etm\u0259k;
\nT\u00fcrkiy\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin \u00fcmumi s\u0259viyy\u0259sini y\u00fcks\u0259ld\u0259n, ictimai r\u0259yi ayd\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131ran elmi m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 xalqa \u00e7atd\u0131rmaq v\u0259 \u0259yani t\u0259hsil xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k.[34]
\nBayramlar v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi g\u00fcnl\u0259r
\n\u018fsas m\u0259qal\u0259: T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 bayramlar\u0131
\nR\u0259smi bayramlar
\n1 yanvar – Yeni il
\n23 aprel – Milli Suverenlik v\u0259 U\u015faq Bayram\u0131
\n1 may – \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Bayram\u0131
\n19 may – Atat\u00fcrk\u00fc anma, G\u0259nclik v\u0259 \u0130dman Bayram\u0131
\n30 avqust – Z\u0259f\u0259r Bayram\u0131
\n29 oktyabr – Respublika Bayram\u0131
\nDini bayramlar
\nRamazan Bayram\u0131 (3 g\u00fcn)
\nQurban Bayram\u0131 (4 g\u00fcn)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 (t\u00fcrk. T\u00fcrkiye) v\u0259 ya r\u0259smi ad\u0131 il\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 Respublikas\u0131 (t\u00fcrk. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti) torpaqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas hiss\u0259si Q\u0259rbi Asiya regionunun Ki\u00e7ik Asiya yar\u0131madas\u0131nda, \u00e7ox ki\u00e7ik bir hiss\u0259si is\u0259 Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131nda yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n qit\u0259l\u0259raras\u0131 \u00f6lk\u0259dir.[2] \u015eimal-q\u0259rbd\u0259n Bolqar\u0131stan, q\u0259rbd\u0259n Yunan\u0131stan, \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, \u015f\u0259rqd\u0259n Az\u0259rbaycan, \u0130ran, Erm\u0259nistan, c\u0259nubdan is\u0259 \u0130raq v\u0259 Suriya il\u0259 h\u0259ms\u0259rh\u0259ddir. \u00d6lk\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n d\u0259nizl\u0259rl\u0259 \u0259hat\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pub"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=29384"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29396,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29384\/revisions\/29396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=29384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=29384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=29384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}