{"id":30161,"date":"2019-04-09T12:00:16","date_gmt":"2019-04-09T08:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=30161"},"modified":"2019-04-09T15:10:24","modified_gmt":"2019-04-09T11:10:24","slug":"c%c9%99lil-m%c9%99mm%c9%99dquluzad%c9%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=30161","title":{"rendered":"C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259"},"content":{"rendered":"

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C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 (tam ad\u0131: C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu o\u011flu M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259; 10 fevral 1869[1], Nax\u00e7\u0131van, \u0130r\u0259van quberniyas\u0131, Rusiya \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u2013 4 yanvar 1932, Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan SSR, ZSFSR, SSR\u0130) \u2014 Az\u0259rbaycan yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, dramaturqu, jurnalisti, ictimai xadimi; “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” \u0259d\u0259bi m\u0259kt\u0259binin banisi v\u0259 ideya r\u0259hb\u0259ri.[2][3][4][5]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin Az\u0259rbaycanda v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 ilk feminizm, qad\u0131nlar\u0131n v\u0259 ki\u015fil\u0259rin h\u00fcquq b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi ideologiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoymu\u015f ictimai xadim hesab olunur.[6]<\/p>\n

H\u0259yat\u0131
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 22 fevral 1869-cu ild\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 ki\u00e7ik tacir ail\u0259sind\u0259 anadan olmu\u015fdur.[3][4][5]B\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259dibin do\u011fum tarixi 1866-c\u0131 il olaraq g\u00f6st\u0259rilmi\u015fdir.[7][8][9]Lakin son ill\u0259rd\u0259 apar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u0259dqiqatlar C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin 1869-cu ild\u0259 anadan oldu\u011funu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etmi\u015fdir.[3][4][5] \u018fdibiin babas\u0131 da\u015fyonan, b\u0259nna M\u0259\u015f\u0259di H\u00fcseynqulu \u0130ran Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n Xoy \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259n olub, sonralar Nax\u00e7\u0131vana k\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Atas\u0131 M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu M\u0259\u015f\u0259di H\u00fcseynqulu o\u011flu (1840-1905) ibtidai s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 savad\u0131 olan dindar biri olmu\u015fdur. O, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc yoxsulluqla ke\u00e7irmi\u015f, elm\u0259, maarif\u0259 r\u0259\u011fb\u0259t b\u0259sl\u0259mi\u015fdir.[4][8][9][10]<\/p>\n

M\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu XIX \u0259srin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u015f\u0259h\u0259rind\u0259 yerli sahibkarlardan olan Canpoladovlar\u0131n duz anbarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, burada duz, ot v\u0259 saman satm\u0131\u015f, h\u0259m\u00e7inin ail\u0259sini doland\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015eahab m\u0259h\u0259ll\u0259sind\u0259 baqqal d\u00fckan\u0131 i\u015fl\u0259tmi\u015fdi. 1877-ci il m\u00fcharib\u0259si zaman\u0131 Nax\u00e7\u0131van duz m\u0259d\u0259nl\u0259rinin m\u0259\u015fhur icar\u0259darlar\u0131 olan Canpoladov qarda\u015flar\u0131 M\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dquluya podrat duz buraxm\u0131\u015flar. Bununla da onun maddi v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti bir q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.[4][8][9][10]<\/p>\n

M\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu t\u0259xmin\u0259n 1860-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00f6z h\u0259myerlisi dirrik\u00e7i M\u0259\u015f\u0259di Baban\u0131n q\u0131z\u0131 Sara Babayeva il\u0259 evl\u0259nmi\u015f, onlar\u0131n 4 o\u011flu v\u0259 1 q\u0131z\u0131 olmu\u015fdu. M.M\u0259mm\u0259dqulunun b\u00f6y\u00fck o\u011flu Mirz\u0259 Yusif saatsaz idi, fars dilini m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l bilirdi. O, cavan ya\u015flar\u0131nda v\u0259fat etmi\u015fdi. Ki\u00e7ik o\u011flu X\u0259lil d\u0259 \u00e7ox erk\u0259n – 1904-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fmi\u015fdi. M\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu yaln\u0131z iki o\u011flunu – \u018fl\u0259kb\u0259ri, C\u0259lili v\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131 S\u0259kin\u0259ni b\u00f6y\u00fcd\u00fcb, onlara t\u0259rbiy\u0259 ver\u0259 bilmi\u015fdi.[9][10]<\/p>\n

Onun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Mirz\u0259 \u018fl\u0259kb\u0259r (1872-1922) 1906-1911-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u0130ran Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131ndak\u0131 milli-azadl\u0131q h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n f\u0259al i\u015ftirak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015fdur. O, S\u0259ttar xan\u0131n yax\u0131n silahda\u015flar\u0131ndan idi. Q\u0131z\u0131 S\u0259kin\u0259 is\u0259 1900-c\u00fc ild\u0259 M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu b\u0259y K\u0259ng\u0259rliy\u0259, sonra is\u0259 onun qohumu \u018fsg\u0259r a\u011fa K\u0259ng\u0259rliy\u0259 \u0259r\u0259 getmi\u015f, 1913-c\u00fc ild\u0259 v\u0259fat etmi\u015fdi. Onun Teymur v\u0259 C\u0259lal adl\u0131 iki o\u011flu, Pakiz\u0259 adl\u0131 bir q\u0131z\u0131 qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onlar Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin himay\u0259sind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. \u018fdibin valideynl\u0259ri 1905-ci ilin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda v\u0259fat etmi\u015fl\u0259r.[9][10]<\/p>\n

T\u0259hsil ill\u0259ri
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 1873-1876-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Molla \u018fli H\u00fcseynzad\u0259nin, 1877-1879-cu ill\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 Hac\u0131 Molla Ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131n m\u0259kt\u0259bind\u0259 oxumu\u015fdur. O, bu bar\u0259d\u0259 qeyd etmi\u015fdir:<\/p>\n

”\t7-8 ya\u015f\u0131nda molla yan\u0131na gedib \u00e7\u0259r\u0259k\u0259 v\u0259 Quran oxuma\u011f\u0131m da yad\u0131ma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda o v\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcd\u0259rrislikd\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur olan Hac\u0131 Ba\u011f\u0131r v\u0259 Molla \u018flinin d\u0259 m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 oxumu\u015fam v\u0259 Hac\u0131 Molla Ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131n falaqqas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ubuqlar\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, dey\u0259s\u0259n, indi \u2013 bu saat yen\u0259 ayaqlar\u0131mda hiss edir\u0259m.\t”
\n\u018fdib \u0259r\u0259b v\u0259 fars dill\u0259rini d\u0259 h\u0259min vaxtda \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Daha sonra C\u0259lil 1879-cu ild\u0259n Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u015f\u0259h\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7sinifli m\u0259kt\u0259bind\u0259 t\u0259hsilini davam etdirir. H\u0259min m\u0259kt\u0259bd\u0259 d\u0259rsl\u0259r rus dilind\u0259 t\u0259dris olunurdu v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilinin t\u0259drisin\u0259 cuzi yer verilirdi. O, burada 3 il t\u0259hsil alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn inki\u015faf\u0131na burada ke\u00e7iril\u0259n d\u00fcny\u0259vi f\u0259nl\u0259rin, h\u0259m\u00e7inin m\u0259kt\u0259bin m\u00fcdiri, maarif\u00e7i Konstantin Nikitinin (1832-1894), qabaqc\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131laraq Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda m\u00fc\u0259llimliy\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015f g\u00fcrc\u00fc xalq\u00e7\u0131-demokrat, co\u011frafiya m\u00fc\u0259llimi Georgi Uturqaurinin, ana dili v\u0259 \u015f\u0259ri\u0259t m\u00fc\u0259llimi, teatr h\u0259v\u0259skar\u0131 Mirz\u0259 Sad\u0131q Qulub\u0259yovun (1823- ?), Qori M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Seminariyas\u0131n\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycan \u015f\u00f6b\u0259sini be\u015f il \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 iki il\u0259 bitir\u0259r\u0259k do\u011fma \u015f\u0259h\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259yinat alm\u0131\u015f, A.O. \u00c7ernyayevskinin yetirm\u0259si olan \u018flim\u0259mm\u0259d X\u0259lilovun (1862-1896) da m\u00fch\u00fcm t\u0259siri olmu\u015fdur. [3][4][7][8][9][10]<\/p>\n

Qori M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Seminariyas\u0131
\n\u00c7ar h\u00f6kum\u0259ti 1879-cu ild\u0259 Zaqafqaziya (Qori) M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Seminariyas\u0131 n\u0259zdind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u015f\u00f6b\u0259si yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda f\u0259rman vermi\u015fdi. Seminariya pansionlu qapal\u0131 t\u0259hsil oca\u011f\u0131 olub, k\u0259nd m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fc\u0259llim haz\u0131rlay\u0131rd\u0131. Seminariyan\u0131n Az\u0259rbaycan \u015f\u00f6b\u0259sinin m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015fi A.O.\u00c7ernyayevski ilk ill\u0259rd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan rayonlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u0259z\u0259r\u0259k, seminariyada oxumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259r se\u00e7irdi. O, 1882-ci ild\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131vana g\u0259lmi\u015f v\u0259 C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259ni d\u0259 ba\u015fqa \u015fagirdl\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 t\u0259hsil almas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn siyah\u0131ya alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.[9]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lilin bu m\u0259kt\u0259bd\u0259 oxuma\u011fa istiqam\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimi \u018flim\u0259mm\u0259d X\u0259lilovun x\u00fcsusi rolu olmu\u015fdur. \u018flim\u0259mm\u0259d X\u0259lilov C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin seminariyaya daxil olmas\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 M\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dqulunun ad\u0131ndan g\u00f6nd\u0259rilmi\u015f kalleqrafik x\u0259tl\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 21 iyun 1882-ci il tarixli \u0259riz\u0259sini d\u0259 \u00f6z x\u0259tti il\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc. H\u0259min il q\u0259bul imtahanlar\u0131n\u0131 u\u011furla ver\u0259n C\u0259lil seminariyan\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131q sinfind\u0259 d\u0259rsl\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdib a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 yuxar\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131q sinifl\u0259rind\u0259, habel\u0259 birinci \u0259sas sinifd\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 oxumu\u015fdur. Professor \u018fziz \u015e\u0259rif bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 qeyd etmi\u015fdir:[8][11]<\/p>\n

”\tG\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131q sinifl\u0259rini m\u00fcsb\u0259t n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u015fa vurmu\u015f v\u0259 seminariyan\u0131n birinci \u0259sas sinfin\u0259 ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir.\t”
\nLakin \u0259sas sinifl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259hsil alark\u0259n onun qiym\u0259tl\u0259ri bird\u0259n-bir\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Buna s\u0259b\u0259b is\u0259 s\u0259rt rejimin olma\u011f\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin seminaristl\u0259ri ana dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmaqdan, \u0259traf m\u00fchitl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 saxlamaqdan m\u0259hrum ed\u0259n qaydalar\u0131n m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu idi. C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 seminariyan\u0131 1887-ci ild\u0259 bitirir v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik attestat\u0131 al\u0131r. Attestatda qeyd edilmi\u015fdir: (G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan SSR D\u00f6vl\u0259t Xalq Maarif Muzeyinin arxivi, Zaqafqaziya (Qori) m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r seminariyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fi, \u2116 1565) [3][7][8][9][10][12][13]<\/p>\n

”\tBu attestat Zaqafqaziya m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r seminariyas\u0131 \u015furas\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, m\u00fc\u0259llim seminariyalar\u0131 haqq\u0131ndak\u0131 qaydaya \u0259sas\u0259n, verilir seminariyan\u0131n yeti\u015fdirm\u0259si (m\u00fcs\u0259lman \u015fi\u0259 m\u0259zh\u0259bin\u0259 m\u0259nsub) me\u015f\u015fan o\u011flu, 21 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquliyeva bundan \u00f6tr\u00fc ki, o, \u0259la \u0259xlaqla birlikd\u0259 son imtahanlarda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 bilik s\u0259viyy\u0259sini g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir:”\u015f\u0259ri\u0259t- \u00e7ox kafi, Pedaqogika- kafi, Rus dili \u2013 kafi, Az\u0259rb.dili- kafi, hesab- kafi, h\u0259nd\u0259s\u0259 v\u0259 yer\u00f6l\u00e7m\u0259-\u00e7ox kafi, tarix ,co\u011frafiya ,t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q \u2013 kafi, h\u00fcsnx\u0259t, r\u0259smx\u0259t v\u0259 r\u0259sm \u2013 \u00e7ox kafi, m\u00fc\u0259llimlik t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 d\u0259rsl\u0259ri \u2013 \u00e7ox kafi\u201d. Bunlardan ba\u015fqa s\u0259n\u0259t, ba\u011f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, idman, mahn\u0131, meteoroloji n\u0259zar\u0259ti d\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Bunlara g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 ibtidai xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik ad\u0131na layiq g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr.\t”
\n\u018fdibin d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, b\u0259dii z\u00f6vq\u00fcn\u00fcn, yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259rdi\u015fl\u0259rinin formala\u015fmas\u0131nda 5 il (1882-1887) oxudu\u011fu Zaqafqaziya M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Seminariyas\u0131ndak\u0131 t\u0259hsil ill\u0259ri m\u00fch\u00fcm m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259 t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir. C\u0259lil burada Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rq \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, Avropa, rus elmi, m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti v\u0259 demokratik fikri, m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi pedaqoji t\u0259limi il\u0259 d\u0259 yax\u0131ndan tan\u0131\u015f olmu\u015fdur.[8][9]<\/p>\n

Seminariyada ba\u015fqa f\u0259nl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 d\u0259rsl\u0259rin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi fikir verilirdi. Bu yolla h\u0259m d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131q ba\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131, h\u0259m d\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 seminaristl\u0259rd\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m v\u0259rdi\u015fl\u0259ri yarad\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fdib seminariyada t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Qoqolun v\u0259 Kr\u0131lovun \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini se\u00e7mi\u015fdir. Burada o, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif mill\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n olan A.O.\u00c7ernyayevski, D.D.Semyonov, N.N.Novospasski, N.O.Lomouri, habel\u0259 az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Mirz\u0259 \u018fbd\u00fclqas\u0131m Axundzad\u0259, S\u0259f\u0259r\u0259lib\u0259y V\u0259lib\u0259yov kimi pedaqoqlardan d\u0259rs alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. [5][8]<\/p>\n

G\u0259nc C\u0259lil seminariyada t\u0259\u015fkil olunmu\u015f t\u0259dbirl\u0259rd\u0259 f\u0259al i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f, teatr tama\u015falar\u0131nda h\u0259v\u0259skar aktyor kimi s\u0259hn\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, \u0259d\u0259bi gec\u0259l\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ssenaril\u0259r, s\u0131naq d\u0259rsl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn icmallar yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Qori seminariyas\u0131 C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin m\u0259n\u0259vi al\u0259mind\u0259, d\u00fcnyaya bax\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, t\u0259bi\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259t hadis\u0259l\u0259ri anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0259sasl\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131.[5][7][10][12]<\/p>\n

Burax\u0131l\u0131\u015f imtahanlar\u0131 qurtard\u0131qdan sonra seminariya yolda\u015f\u0131 \u0130smay\u0131lb\u0259y \u015e\u0259rifb\u0259yovun d\u0259v\u0259ti il\u0259 C\u0259lil \u015eu\u015faya getmi\u015fdir. O, burada Xur\u015fidbanu Nat\u0259vanla v\u0259 yerli ziyal\u0131larla tan\u0131\u015f olmu\u015fdur.[9][10]<\/p>\n

Pedaqoji f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 seminariyan\u0131 bitirib m\u00fc\u0259llimlik attestat\u0131 ald\u0131qdan sonra pedaqoji f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. O, 1887-1897-ci ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda \u0130r\u0259van quberniyas\u0131n\u0131n Uluxanl\u0131, Nax\u00e7\u0131van mahal\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen (indiki \u015e\u0259rur rayonunda C\u0259lilk\u0259nd) v\u0259 Nehr\u0259m k\u0259ndl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etmi\u015fdir.[5]<\/p>\n

Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil 1887-ci ilin avqustundan Uluxanl\u0131 k\u0259ndin\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim t\u0259yin olunmu\u015fdu. Bel\u0259 ki, Qafqaz t\u0259dris dair\u0259sinin m\u00fcdiri \u0130r\u0259van v\u0259 Yelizavetpolun xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00fcdirin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi 7 avqust tarixli m\u0259ktubunda Uluxanl\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259binin m\u00fc\u0259llimi M\u0259mm\u0259db\u0259y Qaz\u0131yevin i\u015fd\u0259n azad edildiyini v\u0259 onun \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dqulizad\u0259nin t\u0259yin olundu\u011funu bildirmi\u015fdi. G\u0259nc m\u00fc\u0259llim 1887-ci ilin sentyabr\u0131n 1-d\u0259n Uluxanl\u0131 q\u0259s\u0259b\u0259sind\u0259 1-ci d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259li m\u0259kt\u0259bd\u0259 pedaqoji f\u0259aliyy\u0259t\u0259 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. H\u0259min vaxt Uluxanl\u0131da \u0259halinin elm\u0259, m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259 h\u0259v\u0259si yox idi. M\u0259kt\u0259bd\u0259 c\u0259misi 10-12 n\u0259f\u0259r \u015fagird oxuyurdu.<\/p>\n

Zaqafqaziya (Qori) M\u00fc\u0259lliml\u0259r Seminariyas\u0131nda Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil\u0259 d\u0259rs demi\u015f, h\u0259m\u00e7inin Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u0259yal\u0259tind\u0259ki Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen ikisinifli zemstvo m\u0259kt\u0259binin m\u00fcdiri olan \u018flim\u0259mm\u0259d X\u0259lilov x\u0259st\u0259l\u0259ndiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcalic\u0259y\u0259 getm\u0259k z\u0259rur\u0259ti qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda qalaraq bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t pedaqoji f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 ara vermi\u015fdi. H\u0259min m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015f U.Pasxalov m\u00fcdiriyy\u0259t\u0259 bel\u0259 bir m\u0259lumatla m\u00fcraci\u0259t etmi\u015fdi:<\/p>\n

”\tC\u0259nab X\u0259lilovun getm\u0259sil\u0259 il\u0259 m\u0259kt\u0259bin ba\u011flanmas\u0131 laz\u0131m g\u0259ldiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn b\u0259lk\u0259 siz X\u0259lilov qay\u0131dana q\u0259d\u0259r \u015fagirdl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmaqdan \u00f6tr\u00fc Uluxanl\u0131dak\u0131 ikisinifli m\u0259kt\u0259bin m\u00fc\u0259llimi M\u0259mm\u0259dquliyevin m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti olaraq, Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen m\u0259kt\u0259bin\u0259 t\u0259yin olunmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hesab ed\u0259siniz? Bel\u0259 ki, m\u0259n bu yax\u0131nlarda Uluxanl\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259bini t\u0259fti\u015f ed\u0259rk\u0259n m\u0259lum oldu ki, burada h\u0259r iki sinifd\u0259 c\u0259misi on iki \u015fagird vard\u0131r v\u0259 Uluxanl\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259binin n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7isi \u00f6z\u00fc m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti olaraq bu bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u015fagirdl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011f\u0259l\u0259 apara bil\u0259r.\t”
\nBel\u0259likl\u0259, Pasxalovun bu m\u00fcraci\u0259tin\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t cavab verilmi\u015f v\u0259 13 oktyabr 1887-ci ild\u0259 C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 \u018flim\u0259mm\u0259d X\u0259lilovu m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti \u0259v\u0259z etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 h\u0259min m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259 t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdir. \u018f.X\u0259lilov sa\u011fal\u0131b qay\u0131dark\u0259n Uluxanl\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259binin n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7isi \u0130.N.Novruzov Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil kimi bir m\u00fc\u0259llimi itirm\u0259k ist\u0259m\u0259mi\u015f, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u0130r\u0259van xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rinin m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015fliyin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi 4 dekabr tarixli raportunda \u0259dibin Uluxanl\u0131ya qay\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131 xahi\u015f etmi\u015fdir. H\u0259min ay\u0131n 18-d\u0259 m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015flik C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin Uluxanl\u0131da saxlan\u0131lmas\u0131na icaz\u0259 vermi\u015fdir. Lakin Ba\u015f Nora\u015fenin Nax\u00e7\u0131vana yax\u0131n oldu\u011funu v\u0259 d\u0259rs \u015f\u0259raitinin d\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alan C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 1888-ci il yanvar\u0131n 16-da \u0130r\u0259vandan G\u0259nc\u0259y\u0259, m\u00fcdir Orlovun ad\u0131na bel\u0259 bir teleqram g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015fdi:<\/p>\n

”\tAcizan\u0259 xahi\u015f edir\u0259m ki, m\u0259ni Uluxanl\u0131ya qaytarmay\u0131b Ba\u015f Nora\u015fend\u0259 saxlayas\u0131n\u0131z.\t”
\nBa\u015f Nora\u015fenin m\u0259kt\u0259b n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7isi v\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimi X\u0259lilov is\u0259 \u00f6z teleqram\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r:<\/p>\n

”\tXahi\u015f edir\u0259m ki, yeni t\u0259yin olunmu\u015f M\u0259mm\u0259dquliyevi m\u0259nim yan\u0131mda saxlayas\u0131n\u0131z, r\u0259dd etm\u0259yin, yalvar\u0131ram.\t”
\nBu teleqramdan sonra Orlov m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015f U.Pasxalova m\u0259lumat verir ki, C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen m\u0259kt\u0259bind\u0259 saxlan\u0131ls\u0131n. C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 Ba\u015f Nora\u015fend\u0259 1887-ci ild\u0259n 1890-c\u0131 il yanvar\u0131n 15-n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etmi\u015fdir. \u018fdib h\u0259l\u0259 Ba\u015f Nora\u015fend\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259rk\u0259n xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00fcdirin\u0259 teleqram vuraraq xahi\u015f etmi\u015fdi ki, yer bo\u015falanda onu Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin\u0259 daha yax\u0131n m\u0259safd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n, ke\u00e7mi\u015f seminariya dostu Mirz\u0259 \u018fb\u00fclqas\u0131n Sultanovun m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etdiyi \u015eahtaxt\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259bin\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim t\u0259yin etsinl\u0259r. Lakin bir ild\u0259n art\u0131q ke\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq, o, m\u00fcsb\u0259t cavab almam\u0131\u015fd\u0131.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 1890-c\u0131 il yanvar\u0131n 15-d\u0259 valideynl\u0259rinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nax\u00e7\u0131van \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin c\u0259mi 5 verstliyind\u0259 olan ikisinifli Nehr\u0259m m\u0259kt\u0259bin\u0259 t\u0259yinat alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. G\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 10 iyul 1897-ci il\u0259d\u0259k, t\u0259xmin\u0259n 7 il burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu bar\u0259d\u0259 Qafqaz t\u0259dris idar\u0259sinin \u0259mrind\u0259 qeyd olunmu\u015fdur:<\/p>\n

”\tBa\u015f Nora\u015fen k\u0259ndind\u0259ki ikisinifli Zemski m\u0259kt\u0259binin m\u00fc\u0259llimi C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquliyev Nehr\u0259m k\u0259ndind\u0259ki ikisinifli Zemski m\u0259kt\u0259binin n\u0259zar\u0259t\u00e7isi v\u0259zif\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 E\u00e7mi\u0259dzin q\u0259zas\u0131n\u0131n Korxun birsinifli m\u0259kt\u0259binin sabiq m\u00fc\u0259llimi \u018fl\u0259\u015fr\u0259f Qaz\u0131yev is\u0259 Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen ikisinifli Zemski m\u0259kt\u0259binin m\u00fc\u0259llimi v\u0259zif\u0259sin\u0259 t\u0259yin edilirl\u0259r.\t”
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 burada da t\u0259lim-t\u0259rbiy\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259rinin y\u00fcks\u0259ldilm\u0259sin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi fikir vermi\u015f, m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259 s\u0259kkiz n\u0259f\u0259r az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131 q\u0131z c\u0259lb ed\u0259r\u0259k x\u00fcsusi sinif t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015f v\u0259 bu sinifd\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011f\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fc aparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdibl\u0259 bir m\u00fcdd\u0259t birg\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259mi\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llim T.S.Smbatyan bu bar\u0259d\u0259 yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r:<\/p>\n

”\tMirz\u0259 C\u0259lil b\u00fct\u00fcn q\u0259lbini v\u0259 q\u00fcvv\u0259sini g\u0259nc n\u0259slin t\u0259lim-t\u0259rbiy\u0259si i\u015fin\u0259 s\u0259rf edir, u\u015faqlar\u0131 m\u0259d\u0259ni adamlar etm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. U\u015faqlar\u0131 m\u0259kt\u0259b\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil \u00f6z pulu il\u0259 kas\u0131blara kitab, d\u0259rs v\u0259saiti, ayaqqab\u0131 v\u0259 s. alard\u0131.\t”
\nLakin insanlar\u0131n t\u0259hsil\u0259 maraq g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259m\u0259si, m\u00fchitin yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259r, eyni zamanda \u0259dibin k\u0259ndd\u0259 qalmamaq, ba\u015fqa xalqlar\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti il\u0259 d\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olmaq arzusu onu 26 may 1895-ci ild\u0259 xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015fin\u0259 raport yazma\u011fa vadar etmi\u015fdir. Raportda qeyd edilmi\u015fdir:<\/p>\n

”\tDa\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m v\u0259zif\u0259ni m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tl\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259y\u0259 \u0259ks t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n v\u0259 m\u0259ni i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k imkan\u0131ndan m\u0259hrum ed\u0259n yerli \u015f\u0259rait\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 g\u00fccs\u00fcz oldu\u011fumu g\u00f6r\u00fcb, i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcm\u0259 ba\u015fqa bir yer tapmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 h\u0259min il may ay\u0131n\u0131n 11-d\u0259 xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015fin\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m raportda xahi\u015f etmi\u015fdim ki, qar\u015f\u0131dak\u0131 t\u0259til zaman\u0131 m\u0259n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131q m\u0259zuniyy\u0259t g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 icaz\u0259 versin.\t”
\nM\u00fcdir h\u0259min raportu xalq m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259ri m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015fin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015f v\u0259 xeyli \u00e7\u0259tinlikd\u0259n sonra m\u00fcf\u0259tti\u015f C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin “Avropa Rusiyan\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif yerl\u0259rin\u0259 getm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iyunun 10-dan avqustun 25-d\u0259k” m\u0259zuniyy\u0259t\u0259 izn vermi\u015fdi. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, g\u0259nc m\u00fc\u0259llim 1895-ci ilin yay\u0131nda Peterburq v\u0259 Moskvada olmu\u015f, \u201cNovoye vremya\u201d q\u0259zetinin redaktoru Suvorinl\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u0259r\u0259k \u0259r\u0259b \u0259lifbas\u0131n\u0131 lat\u0131n \u0259lifbas\u0131 il\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259k m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini \u00f6z q\u0259zetind\u0259 qald\u0131rma\u011f\u0131 ondan xahi\u015f etmi\u015fdi. Suvorin is\u0259 bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259nin vaxt\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259l\u0259 \u00e7atmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015fdir. Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n “E\u015f\u015f\u0259yin itm\u0259kliyi” \u0259s\u0259rini radlov \u0259lifbas\u0131 il\u0259 yazmas\u0131 da onun k\u00f6hn\u0259 \u0259lifban\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259sin\u0259 inam\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 1896-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Nehr\u0259m m\u0259kt\u0259bind\u0259 tarix muzeyi yaratm\u0131\u015f, bu muzeyd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan tarixinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif d\u00f6vrl\u0259rin\u0259 dair materiallar\u0131n toplanmas\u0131na nail olmu\u015fdur. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, ip\u0259k\u00e7ilik pe\u015f\u0259sini \u00f6yr\u0259tm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn x\u00fcsusi m\u0259\u015f\u011f\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015f, k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f \u015f\u0259raitini y\u00fcng\u00fcll\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Tiflisd\u0259n d\u0259mir kotan g\u0259tirilm\u0259sin\u0259 nail olmu\u015fdur. O, h\u0259m\u00e7inin yerli h\u0259v\u0259skarlarla birlikd\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda teatr tama\u015falar\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etmi\u015fdir. Bununla \u0259slind\u0259 m\u0259nsub oldu\u011fu xalq\u0131n maarifl\u0259nm\u0259si, milli oyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni t\u0259r\u0259qqisi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 taixind\u0259 g\u00f6rk\u0259mli jurnalist v\u0259 publisist olmaqla b\u0259rab\u0259r, h\u0259m d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck bir dramaturq v\u0259 nasir kimi tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. K\u0259ndl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim i\u015fl\u0259diyi ill\u0259r \u0259dibin g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ngin material vermi\u015fdir. Bir s\u0131ra ki\u00e7ik hekay\u0259l\u0259rini, “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” (1936 ild\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015fdur) povestini d\u0259 bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1895-ci ild\u0259 yay\u0131nda Moskvaya v\u0259 Peterburqa getmi\u015f, bu \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olmu\u015fdur. Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda v\u0259 \u0130r\u0259vanda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif h\u00fcquq idar\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u0259dii n\u0259sri
\n\u0130lk n\u0259sr \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri (1894-1904)
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin ilk yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q d\u00f6vr\u00fc 1905-ci il inqilab\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r davam etmi\u015fdir. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 “\u00c7ay d\u0259stgah\u0131” adl\u0131 alleqorik m\u0259nzum dram\u0131n\u0131, “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” povestini, “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi”, “Ki\u015fmi\u015f oyunu”, “Po\u00e7t qutusu” hekay\u0259l\u0259rini yazm\u0131\u015f, rus dilind\u0259n b\u0259zi t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259r etmi\u015fdir. \u018fdibin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birinci d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 aid olan bu ilk \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 inqilabdan \u0259vv\u0259lki Az\u0259rbaycan k\u0259ndinin, k\u0259ndlisinin h\u0259yat v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259tinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[9][13][14]<\/p>\n

Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin ilk m\u0259lum n\u0259sr \u0259s\u0259ri 1894-c\u00fc ild\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” povestidir. Povest \u0259dibin Nemhr\u0259md\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etdiyi ill\u0259rd\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. M\u00fc\u0259llif “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda silsil\u0259, seriya \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r yazma\u011f\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutmu\u015fdur. H\u0259min seriyaya daxil olan “E\u015f\u015f\u0259yin itm\u0259kliyi” povestini tamamlam\u0131\u015f, “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi” hekay\u0259si is\u0259 yar\u0131m\u00e7\u0131q qalm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlari”dedikd\u0259 “E\u015f\u015f\u0259yin itm\u0259kliyi” povesti n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur.[3][7][8][9][13][14][15][16]<\/p>\n

K\u0259ndli m\u0259i\u015f\u0259tini d\u0259rind\u0259n \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n, k\u0259ndd\u0259ki z\u00fclm\u00fc, yoxsulluq v\u0259 avaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n bilavasit\u0259 \u015fahidi olan C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” povestinin m\u00f6vzusunu m\u0259hz bu h\u0259yatdan g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. \u018fs\u0259rin ideyas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq, \u0259dib Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndind\u0259 c\u0259r\u0259yan ed\u0259n bir \u0259hvalat se\u00e7mi\u015f v\u0259 povestin sujet x\u0259ttini h\u0259min \u0259hvalat \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurmu\u015fdur. Povestin sujetini real h\u0259yat material\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 quran m\u00fc\u0259llif k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259tini, qad\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u00f6l\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259tini, z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015fl\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u0259n z\u00fclm v\u0259 \u0259dal\u0259tsizliyi \u0259ks etdirmi\u015fdir. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 satira at\u0259\u015fin\u0259 tutulan h\u0259d\u0259fl\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 b\u0259yl\u0259r, \u00e7arizm \u00fcsul-idar\u0259si, r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txor \u00e7ar \u00e7inovnikl\u0259ridir.[3][9][13][14]<\/p>\n

\u018fs\u0259r o zaman \u00e7ap olunmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r, ancaq \u0259lyazmas\u0131 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u0259dibin yax\u0131n dostlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131b oxunurdu. (C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 “\u018fs\u0259ri”, II cild, Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rn\u0259\u015fr, 1936, s\u0259h. 485).)[13]<\/p>\n

”\tYazmaq ist\u0259yirdim. \u00c7ox ist\u0259yirdim yazmaq. Amma bilmirdim niy\u0259 yaz\u0131m v\u0259 kimd\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc yaz\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnki \u00fcmidvar deyildim ki, yazd\u0131qlar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ap etm\u0259y\u0259 v\u0259 inti\u015far\u0259 qoyma\u011fa h\u00f6kum\u0259t icaz\u0259 ver\u0259c\u0259k.\t”
\n(C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 “Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri”, Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rn\u0259\u015fr, 1951, I cild, s\u0259h.430)<\/p>\n

1901-ci ild\u0259 \u0130r\u0259vandan Nax\u00e7\u0131vana maarifp\u0259rv\u0259r M.T.Sidqiy\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi 27 yanvar tarixli m\u0259ktubunda C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 bel\u0259 yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r:[13]<\/p>\n

”\t“M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dh\u0259s\u0259n \u0259minin e\u015f\u015f\u0259yini” (“Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131”) ist\u0259yir\u0259m yazib g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259m, senzor izn versin, \u0130r\u0259vanda \u00e7ap el\u0259tdir\u0259m.\t”
\n(C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin arxivi, Az\u0259rbaycan SSR EA Respublika \u018flyazmalar\u0131 fondu, Q-3(137)<\/p>\n

Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil h\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u00e7ap etdir\u0259 bilm\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fc hadis\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdib 1921-ci ild\u0259 T\u0259brizd\u0259n qay\u0131td\u0131qdan sonra \u0259s\u0259ri \u00e7ap olunmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Bak\u0131da Maarif Komissarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na t\u0259qdim etmi\u015fdir. Ancaq povest Maarif Komissarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda itdiyind\u0259n \u0259dib \u00f6z sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onu \u00e7ap etdir\u0259 bilm\u0259mi\u015fdir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, povest ilk d\u0259f\u0259 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnd\u0259n sonra 1936-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Az\u0259rn\u0259\u015frd\u0259 ayr\u0131ca kitab \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u00e7ap olunmu\u015f, sonra is\u0259 \u0259dibin “\u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri” (1936), \u00fc\u00e7cildlik v\u0259 alt\u0131cildlik “\u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri”nin I cildin\u0259 (1966, 1983) daxil edilmi\u015fdir.[3][7][13]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” seriyas\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi” adl\u0131 yar\u0131m\u00e7\u0131q bir hekay\u0259si d\u0259 vard\u0131r. Hekay\u0259d\u0259 milli maarif\u00e7iliy\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f motivl\u0259ri \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur. \u018fdib sonralar yenid\u0259n h\u0259min m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 qay\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, eyni m\u00f6vzu v\u0259 eyni adda bir pyes yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[4][13]<\/p>\n

Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin ilk m\u0259tbu \u0259s\u0259ri olan “Po\u00e7t qutusu” hekay\u0259si 1903-c\u00fc ilin noyabr ay\u0131nda q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Fikri istiqam\u0259ti etibaril\u0259 bu hekay\u0259 “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” povestinin davam\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fclk\u0259dar V\u0259lixan il\u0259 avam k\u0259ndli Novruz\u0259li aras\u0131ndak\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259t \u0259s\u0259rin \u0259sas m\u0259zmununu t\u0259\u015fkil edir. “Po\u00e7t qutusu” hekay\u0259si g\u0259nc yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u0259d\u0259bi h\u0259yat\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t\u0259 malik olmu\u015f, onun g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k yolunu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. [4][9][13][17] [14]<\/p>\n

\u018fdib sonralar bu bar\u0259d\u0259 qeyd etmi\u015fdir:[9]<\/p>\n

”\t… M\u0259n “Po\u00e7t qutusu”nu ondan \u00f6tr\u00fc oxucular\u0131n n\u0259z\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259tirir\u0259m ki, m\u0259nim bu hekay\u0259m \u0259d\u0259bi h\u0259yat\u0131mda bir \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli rol oynay\u0131bd\u0131r. Bu da odur ki, b\u0259lk\u0259 bu hekay\u0259min s\u0259b\u0259bind\u0259n m\u0259n bu m\u00fcsafir\u0259timd\u0259 Tiflis\u0259 azarl\u0131n\u0131 apard\u0131qda d\u0259xi \u0130r\u0259vana qay\u0131d\u0131b g\u0259lm\u0259dim v\u0259 Tiflisd\u0259 qal\u0131b sonra da h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259lik tiflisli oldum.\t”
\n\u018fs\u0259r Tiflisd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zetinin 1904-c\u00fc il 16 v\u0259 18 yanvar tarixli saylar\u0131nda “Po\u00e7t qutusu” s\u0259rl\u00f6vh\u0259si v\u0259 “C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259” imzas\u0131 il\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015fdir. (“\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zeti, 16, 18 yanvar 1904-c\u00fc il, \u2116 5, 6) Bel\u0259likl\u0259 d\u0259, \u0259dibin “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zetind\u0259 \u00e7ap olunan ilk hekay\u0259si “Po\u00e7t qutusu” olmu\u015fdur. M\u00fc\u0259llif onu ruscaya \u00e7evir\u0259r\u0259k, “Novoye obozreniye” q\u0259zetind\u0259 d\u0259rc etdirmi\u015fdir. 1905-ci ild\u0259 is\u0259 “Qeyr\u0259t” m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sind\u0259 ayr\u0131ca kitab\u00e7a hal\u0131nda burax\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[9][17]<\/p>\n

“Po\u00e7t qutusu” Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin n\u0259\u015frl\u0259rinin ham\u0131s\u0131na daxil edilmi\u015f, xarici dill\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 olunmu\u015f v\u0259 orta m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259dris olunur. Hekay\u0259 \u0259sas\u0131nda “Az\u0259rbaycantelefilm” kinostudiyas\u0131nda q\u0131sametrajl\u0131 film \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015fdir.[17]<\/p>\n

1905-1920-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259ki hekay\u0259l\u0259ri
\nXX \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259n etibar\u0259n C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 b\u0259dii yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131qla da ard\u0131c\u0131l m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmu\u015fdur. Q\u00fcdr\u0259tli yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n “Usta Zeynal” (1905), “D\u0259ll\u0259k” (1906), “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” (1906), “Fatma xala” (1906), “Qurban\u0259li b\u0259y”, “Quzu” (1914), “Nigaran\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q” (1916), “Konsulun arvad\u0131” (1918), “Pirverdinin xoruzu” (1906) v\u0259 b. hekay\u0259l\u0259ri onu ki\u00e7ik janr\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck ustad\u0131 kimi tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[3][4][15]<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u0259s\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n k\u0259nd v\u0259 k\u0259ndli h\u0259yat\u0131ndan, b\u0259y-xan z\u00fclm\u00fcnd\u0259n yazan m\u00fc\u0259llif yeni d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u00f6z hekay\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn f\u0259hl\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131ndan da m\u00f6vzu se\u00e7ir. F\u0259hl\u0259 m\u00f6vzusunun i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si n\u00f6qteyi-n\u0259z\u0259rind\u0259n C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 n\u0259srinin inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 “Usta Zeynal” (1905) v\u0259 v\u0259 “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t”(1906) hekay\u0259l\u0259ri x\u00fcsusi yer tutur.[3][4][7][9][13]<\/p>\n

“Usta Zeynal” hekay\u0259sinin ideyas\u0131 dini m\u00f6vhumat\u0131n, pu\u00e7 m\u00fcs\u0259lman etiqad\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131 t\u0259nb\u0259l etdiyini, onlar\u0131 i\u015f v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259td\u0259n uzaqla\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa etm\u0259kd\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. “Usta Zeynal” 1906- c\u0131 ild\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq, bu g\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015fdur. H\u0259m\u00e7inin T\u0259brizd\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan “V\u0259t\u0259n yolunda” q\u0259zetind\u0259 \u00e7ap olunmu\u015fdur. (“V\u0259t\u0259n yolunda” q\u0259zeti, 13, 15,17,23,25,27 v\u0259 29 dekabr 1944-c\u00fc il, \u2116 107,108,109,111,112,113 v\u0259 114). Eyni zamanda 1945-1946-c\u0131 ild\u0259 ill\u0259rd\u0259 T\u0259briz d\u00f6vl\u0259t teatr\u0131 kollektivi “Usta Zeynal” hekay\u0259sini s\u0259hn\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir.(C\u0259f\u0259r X\u0259ndan\u0131n “C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda milli azadl\u0131q ideyalar\u0131 (1906- 1946-c\u0131 ill\u0259r)” adl\u0131 doktorluq dissertasiyas\u0131).[9][13] [18] [19]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin 1905-ci ild\u0259n sonrak\u0131 yarad\u0131cl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u0130randa v\u0259 \u0130ran Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131nda c\u0259r\u0259yan ed\u0259n ictimai-siyasi hadis\u0259l\u0259r m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” hekay\u0259si \u00e7ox xarakterikdir. “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” \u015fah h\u00f6kum\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 1906-c\u0131 ilin avqustunda verilmi\u015f h\u00fcrriyy\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259r \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u0259zi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ril\u0259, x\u00fcsus\u0259n z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015fl\u0259rin avaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259nqid c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n “Usta Zeynal” hekay\u0259si il\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259\u015fir. “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” hekay\u0259si yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259krar etdiyi bu fikri t\u0259sdiq edir: edir:[3][9][12][13]<\/p>\n

”\tN\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r ki, z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015f insan m\u00f6vhumat azar\u0131ndan xilas olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r, azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131n nem\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bilm\u0259z.\t”
\n\u018fdib \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 \u015fah h\u00f6kum\u0259tinin verdiyi h\u00fcrriyy\u0259tin mahiyy\u0259tini if\u015fa etmi\u015f, xalq k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259rini aldanmama\u011fa, \u0259sasl\u0131 demokrtatik islahat ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si u\u011frunda f\u0259al v\u0259 ard\u0131c\u0131l m\u00fcbariz\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil hekay\u0259ni \u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t elan edilm\u0259sind\u0259n t\u0259xmin\u0259n \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra qurtarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259rin sonundak\u0131: “23 noyabr 1906, Tiflis” qeydi d\u0259 onun tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarixi g\u00f6st\u0259rir.[9][12]<\/p>\n

Buradan ayd\u0131n olur ki, Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t x\u0259b\u0259rini e\u015fid\u0259n kimi hekay\u0259ni yazma\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 g\u00fcn\u00fcn z\u0259ruri m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259rhal \u00f6z m\u00fcnasib\u0259tini bildirmi\u015fdir. Hekay\u0259nin sentyabr\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259, y\u0259ni \u0130randa m\u0259\u015frut\u0259 elan edilm\u0259sind\u0259n bir ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fcn sonra yaz\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u0259dibin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n i\u015far\u0259l\u0259ri vard\u0131r. M\u00f6vzusu siyasi m\u0259qs\u0259d \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, sujeti real h\u0259yat material\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 qurulmu\u015f “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1906-c\u0131 ilin dekabr ay\u0131nda Tiflisd\u0259 “Qeyr\u0259t” m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sind\u0259 ayr\u0131ca kitab\u00e7a hal\u0131nda \u00e7ap olunmu\u015fdur. Kitabda r\u0259ssam O.l.\u015emerlinqin \u00fc\u00e7 ill\u00fcstrasiyas\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Hekay\u0259nin n\u0259\u015fri haqq\u0131nda “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n 1906-c\u0131 il 22 dekabr tarixli 38-ci n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015f “Elan” da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r:<\/p>\n

”\t1906-c\u0131 ili m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259ril\u0259rin\u0259 \u00dcmidvar\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131: “B\u0259sdir bu q\u0259d\u0259r z\u00fclm” kitab\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 h\u0259diyy\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259yimizi v\u0259d el\u0259mi\u015fdik. M\u0259zkur kitab\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131na ruxs\u0259t verilm\u0259diyind\u0259n onun yerin\u0259 “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” kitab\u00e7as\u0131 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259k n\u00f6mr\u0259 il\u0259 h\u0259diyy\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259c\u0259kdir.\t”
\n(“Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131, 22, 29 dekabr 1906-c\u0131 il, \u2116 38,39). [9][12][13][20][21]<\/p>\n

Jurnal\u0131n h\u0259min il 29 dekabr tarixli 39-cu n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 is\u0259 deyilirdi:[12][13]<\/p>\n

”\tH\u0259min n\u00f6mr\u0259 il\u0259 9 ayl\u0131q m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259ril\u0259r\u0259 “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” kitab\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilir.\t”
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan m\u00f6vzusuna h\u0259sr olunmu\u015f heka\u0259yl\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 “Xan\u0131n t\u0259sbehi”dir. \u018fdib \u0130randa oldu\u011fu vaxt \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn bilavasit\u0259 \u015fahidi oldu\u011fu hadis\u0259l\u0259ri q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Hekay\u0131nin m\u00f6vzusu \u0130ran despotlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yat\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin xan v\u0259 b\u0259yl\u0259rin r\u0259iyy\u0259t\u0259 amans\u0131z m\u00fcnasib\u0259tini \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[9][13][14]<\/p>\n

“Usta Zeynal”da oldu\u011fu kimi, “Rus q\u0131z\u0131” hekay\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 iki ail\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti, iki \u0259xlaq v\u0259 iki t\u0259rbiy\u0259 sistemi g\u00f6st\u0259rilmi\u015fdir. “Usta Zeynal”da dini m\u00f6vhumat, “Rus q\u0131z\u0131”nda is\u0259 c\u0259hal\u0259t, nadanl\u0131q \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur. Hekay\u0259 ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1925-ci ild\u0259 “Yeni yol” q\u0259zetinin 2 dekabr tarixli 275 v\u0259 6 dekabr tarixli 278-ci n\u00f6mr\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 \u00e7ap olunmu\u015fdur. Hekay\u0259nin inqilabdan \u0259vv\u0259l yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 qeyd olunmu\u015fdur.[13] [22]<\/p>\n

Dramaturgiyas\u0131
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 b\u0259dii yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa 23 ya\u015f\u0131ndan, k\u0259ndd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim ik\u0259n ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdibin ilk q\u0259l\u0259m t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259si “\u00c7ay d\u0259stgah\u0131” alleqorik dram\u0131 olmu\u015fdur. Bundan sonra \u0259dib m\u00fcnt\u0259z\u0259m sur\u0259td\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyatla m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmu\u015f, q\u0259zetl\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259mi\u015f, m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etmi\u015fdir. \u018fs\u0259r 1889-1894-c\u00fc ill\u0259r aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. “\u00c7ay d\u0259stgah\u0131”nda m\u00fc\u0259llif n\u00f6k\u0259r \u018flinin simas\u0131nda k\u0259ndin \u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259l\u0259rinin c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259 yaz\u0131q v\u0259 ac\u0131nacaql\u0131 hal\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir. N\u00f6k\u0259r \u018flil\u0259rin m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259ki g\u00fcl\u00fcnc h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llif onlar\u0131n \u00f6zl\u0259rini yox, Hac\u0131 R\u0259him xanlar\u0131 g\u00fcnahland\u0131r\u0131r.[3][7][8][9][15][23]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin ilk \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri alleqorik m\u0259nzum “\u00c7ay d\u0259stgah\u0131” dram\u0131 v\u0259 birp\u0259rd\u0259li “Ki\u015fmi\u015f oyunu” pyesidir. Birp\u0259rd\u0259li “Ki\u015fmi\u015f oyunu”nu pyesi 1892-ci ild\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Pyesd\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llifin \u0259sas t\u0259nqid h\u0259d\u0259fi z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015fl\u0259rin mal\u0131na zorla sahibl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kobud, tamahkar k\u0259nd m\u00fclk\u0259dar\u0131 V\u0259lisoltan v\u0259 quldurlu\u011fa ad\u0259t etmi\u015f d\u0259l\u0259duzlard\u0131r.[3][8][9]<\/p>\n

XX \u0259sr Az\u0259rbaycan dramaturgiyas\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda yeni bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259ni t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259n “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” komediyas\u0131 1909-cu ild\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 din, m\u00f6vhumat v\u0259 feodal h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi \u0259leyhin\u0259 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r”d\u0259 c\u0259hal\u0259t, gerilik, iki\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fck v\u0259 yalan if\u015fa olunur. Avaml\u0131q v\u0259 nadanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n n\u0259 kimi b\u0259lalar yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. Bu komediyan\u0131 yazmaqda b\u00f6y\u00fck dramaturqun m\u0259qs\u0259di m\u00fcs\u0259lman \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259ri xalqlar\u0131n\u0131 uzun \u0259srl\u0259r c\u0259hal\u0259td\u0259 saxlayan, m\u00f6vhumat i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcd\u0259n, dini, \u015f\u0259ri\u0259ti soy\u011fun\u00e7uluq vasit\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259n yalan\u00e7\u0131, f\u0131r\u0131ldaq\u00e7\u0131 ruhanil\u0259rin h\u0259qiqi simas\u0131n\u0131 oldu\u011fu kimi xalqa tan\u0131tmaq olmu\u015fdur. C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin t\u0259rc\u00fcmeyi-hal\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olan materiallar, arxiv s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259ri v\u0259 xatir\u0259l\u0259r g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, \u015eeyx N\u0259srullah sur\u0259tinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda m\u00fc\u0259llifin \u015fahidi oldu\u011fu konkret tarixi faktlar\u0131n v\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259tl\u0259rin b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259siri olmu\u015fdur. \u015eeyx N\u0259srullah b\u00fct\u00fcn Yax\u0131n v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi olan canl\u0131, tipik v\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b bir ruhani obraz\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fdib \u015eeyx N\u0259srullah\u0131n \u0259ksi olaraq yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kefli \u0130sk\u0259nd\u0259r obraz\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 xalq\u0131 oyatma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1916-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Bak\u0131da s\u0259hn\u0259y\u0259 qoylumu\u015f “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” komediyas\u0131 uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t Az\u0259rbaycan v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rq \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rinin teatrlar\u0131nda oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259r tez bir zamanda D\u0259rb\u0259nd, Buxara, S\u0259m\u0259rq\u0259nd, Orenburq, Kazan, Tiflis, Yerevan v\u0259 b\u015faqa \u015f\u0259h\u0259rl\u0259rin s\u0259hn\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 u\u011furla g\u00f6st\u0259rilmi\u015fdir. “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” haqq\u0131nda \u00dczeyir Hac\u0131b\u0259yov demi\u015fdir:<\/p>\n

”\t“\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” kimi baltan\u0131 dibind\u0259n vuran bir pyesdir”.\t”
\n\u018fs\u0259rin ilk tama\u015fas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda o zamanlar x\u00fcsusi n\u0259\u015friyyat sahibi olan m\u00fch\u0259rrir Oruc Orucov yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131:<\/p>\n

”\tYuxar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 zikr edil\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259r\u0259 diqq\u0259tl\u0259 bax\u0131lacaq olursa, bu c\u00fcml\u0259l\u0259r eyl\u0259 silsil\u0259vari irad olunur ki, \u0259sla bir s\u0259rxo\u015f n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r m\u00fcqt\u0259dir olsa da, o d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 aqilan\u0259, mahiran\u0259 n\u0259sih\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 buluna bilm\u0259z.\t”
\n(“Yeni \u0130qbal” q\u0259zeti, 1916, \u2116 298).<\/p>\n

“\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” T\u0259brizd\u0259 1921-ci ild\u0259 tama\u015fa qoyulmu\u015fdur. H\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Kefli \u0130sg\u0259nd\u0259r obraz\u0131n\u0131 B\u00f6y\u00fckxan Nax\u00e7\u0131vanski, Hac\u0131 Bax\u015fal\u0131 obraz\u0131n\u0131 S\u0259m\u0259d M\u00f6vl\u0259vi, M\u0259\u015f\u0259di Oruc obraz\u0131n\u0131 nax\u00e7\u0131vanl\u0131 Cabar \u018fmirov, Hac\u0131 H\u0259s\u0259na\u011fa obraz\u0131n\u0131 Mehdi, C\u0259lal obraz\u0131n\u0131 Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin o\u011flu Midh\u0259t, Nazl\u0131 obraz\u0131n\u0131 Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin q\u0131z\u0131 M\u00fcn\u0259vv\u0259r, m\u00fc\u0259llim obraz\u0131n\u0131 qafqazl\u0131 Mehdi, \u015eeyx N\u0259srullah obraz\u0131n\u0131 \u018fli Az\u0259ri ifa etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

“Anam\u0131n kitab\u0131” komediyas\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycanda Sovet hakimiyy\u0259tind\u0259n qabaq 1919-cu ild\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdib \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 dil v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 toxunmu\u015f, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n qrup ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n canl\u0131 ana dilin\u0259 yaban\u00e7\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Dramaturq bir anan\u0131n \u00f6vladlar\u0131 olan \u00fc\u00e7 qarda\u015f\u0131n simas\u0131nda xalqdan uzaq bel\u0259 ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n tipik sur\u0259tl\u0259rini yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. H\u0259l\u0259 1906-c\u0131 ild\u0259 “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin”in birinci n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259dib yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lara v\u0259 oxuculara bu c\u00fcr m\u00fcraci\u0259t etmi\u015fdir:[4][8][9][14]<\/p>\n

”\tSal\u0131n\u0131z yad\u0131n\u0131za o g\u00fcnl\u0259ri ki, anan\u0131z sizi be\u015fikd\u0259 y\u0131r\u011falay-y\u0131r\u011falaya siz\u0259 t\u00fcrk dilind\u0259 lay-lay deyirdi… H\u0259rd\u0259nbir ana dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmaq il\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259ki g\u00f6z\u0259l g\u00fcnl\u0259rini yad etm\u0259yin n\u0259 eybi var?.\t”
\n\u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin Az\u0259rbaycan xalq\u0131n\u0131n milli azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, milli intibah v\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259li\u015fi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. M\u00fc\u0259llif tipl\u0259ri, hadis\u0259l\u0259ri, komediyan\u0131n sujetini h\u0259yatdan g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fc.[3]<\/p>\n

XX \u0259sr Az\u0259rbaycan n\u0259sri v\u0259 dramaturgiyas\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda yeni bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259 olan birp\u0259rd\u0259li “Kaman\u00e7a” pyesi 1920-ci ild\u0259 \u015eu\u015fada yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Pyesd\u0259ki hadis\u0259l\u0259r Qaraba\u011fda c\u0259r\u0259yan edir v\u0259 h\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Qaraba\u011fda ya\u015fayan \u0259dibin real h\u0259yati m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0131nda q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Janr\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 faci\u0259 olan \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 1918-1920-C\u0130 ill\u0259rd\u0259 Qaraba\u011fda ba\u015f vermi\u015f erm\u0259ni- Az\u0259rbaycan m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn hadis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259hs olunur.[2][3][7][24][25]<\/p>\n

Sovet hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rind\u0259
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 ictimai f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin m\u00fch\u00fcm bir m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sini d\u0259 onun h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n Sovet hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rind\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259n 1921-ci ild\u0259n 1932-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki d\u00f6vr\u00fc t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259dib b\u0259dii yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 davam etdirmi\u015fdir.[4][8]<\/p>\n

Sovet hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rind\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f “Lal”, “Oyunbazlar”, “L\u0259n\u0259t” s\u0259hn\u0259cikl\u0259rind\u0259 (1921) k\u00f6hn\u0259lik v\u0259 gerilik, m\u00f6vhumat v\u0259 c\u0259hal\u0259t t\u0259nqid olunmu\u015fdu. Bu ki\u00e7ik h\u0259cmli \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 elm, t\u0259hsil, m\u0259kt\u0259b kimi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0259kilmi\u015fdir.[4]<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi” pyesini yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fdibin irih\u0259cmli dramlar\u0131ndan olan, 1921-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nan “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi” pyesi \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 hekay\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 olmu\u015f, sonralar m\u00fc\u0259llif t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n s\u0259hn\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015fdir. Pyesd\u0259 t\u0259svir olunan h\u0259yat t\u0259xmin\u0259n “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r”in \u0259hat\u0259 etdiyi tarixi d\u00f6vr\u0259 yax\u0131nd\u0131r. \u018fdib \u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda \u0259hvalat\u0131n 1895-ci ild\u0259 vaqe oldu\u011funu qeyd edir. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 elm, maarif, m\u0259kt\u0259b t\u0259bli\u011f olunmu\u015f, c\u0259hal\u0259t v\u0259 savads\u0131zl\u0131q t\u0259nqid olunmu\u015fdur. C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 1928-ci ild\u0259 \u0259s\u0259ri tama\u015faya qoyulmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn D\u00f6vl\u0259t T\u00fcrk Akademik Dram Teatr\u0131na “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u00fc\u0259llimi” ad\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259qdim etmi\u015fdir.[4][9][14]<\/p>\n

1926-ci ild\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f “Y\u0131\u011f\u0131ncaq” pyesind\u0259 sovet c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin ilk onilliyind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan c\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259 ged\u0259n m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b ictimai prosesl\u0259r \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[4][7][8]<\/p>\n

“D\u0259li y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131” tragikomik pyesi 1927-ci ild\u0259 Bak\u0131da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycan z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015fl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 a\u011fal\u0131q ed\u0259n m\u00fcst\u0259ml\u0259k\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin soy\u011fun\u00e7ulu\u011fu, \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131\u011f\u0131, xarici d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u0259nafeyini m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259n m\u00fchafiz\u0259kar ruhanil\u0259rin geni\u015f k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259ri m\u00f6vhumatda saxlamaqlar\u0131 k\u0259skin t\u0259nqid olunmu\u015fdur. “D\u0259li y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131” m\u00f6vzu etibaril\u0259 “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r”\u0259 daha yax\u0131n \u0259s\u0259rdir. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r”d\u0259 \u0259ks olunan feodal h\u0259yat\u0131 v\u0259 tipl\u0259ri \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[3][4][9][14][26]<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd p\u0259rd\u0259li “\u018fr” pyesi 1930-cu ild\u0259 sovet hakimiyy\u0259ti ill\u0259rind\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 sovet hakimiyy\u0259tinin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c ill\u0259rind\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda ged\u0259n ictimai prosesl\u0259r \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[4]<\/p>\n

Qad\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qad\u0131n \u0259sar\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 m\u00f6vzusu m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutmu\u015fdur. \u018fdib “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131 s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi, hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 qad\u0131nlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r k\u00f6l\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011frunda ciddi m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[13] Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin 1905-1920-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hekay\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox i\u015fl\u0259n\u0259n m\u00f6vzulardan biri d\u0259 m\u0259hz qad\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015fdur.[9][13]<\/p>\n

\u018fdib h\u0259min ill\u0259rd\u0259 qad\u0131n \u0259sar\u0259tin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t”, “Xan\u0131n t\u0259sbehi”, “Konsulun arvad\u0131”, “Q\u0259ssab”, “Molla F\u0259zl\u0259li”, “Pirverdinin xoruzu” v\u0259 s. hekay\u0259l\u0259ri yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. “Molla F\u0259zl\u0259li” (1915) hekay\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259dib qad\u0131n s\u0259ad\u0259tini alt-\u00fcst ed\u0259n k\u00f6hn\u0259 \u0259xlaq normalar\u0131ndan, si\u011f\u0259 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259n b\u0259hs etmi\u015fdir. “Xan\u0131n t\u0259sbehi”, “Konsulun arvad\u0131” hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 is\u0259 qad\u0131na olan x\u00fcsusi m\u00fclkiyy\u0259t\u00e7ilik \u0259laq\u0259sinin ba\u015fqa bir c\u0259h\u0259ti, qad\u0131n alverinin ba\u015fqa bir formas\u0131 \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[9][13]<\/p>\n

Eyni zamanda \u0259dib sovet d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 “\u0130ki \u0259r”, “Qiyam\u0259t”, “Eydi-r\u0259m\u0259zan” hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 toxunmu\u015fdur. 1927-ci ild\u0259 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f “\u0130ki \u0259r” hekay\u0259si “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259min il 10-11-ci n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015fdir.[9][27]H\u0259m\u00e7inin \u0259dibin 1927-ci ild\u0259 Oktyabr inqilab\u0131n\u0131n on illiyi m\u00fcnasib\u0259til\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Qiyam\u0259t”, “Eydi-r\u0259m\u0259zan” hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 qad\u0131n\u0131n ictimai h\u0259yatdak\u0131 f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti \u0259ks olunmu\u015fdur.[9]<\/p>\n

Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil qad\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 h\u0259m hekay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 dramaturji v\u0259 publisist f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259 geni\u015f yer vermi\u015fdir. \u018fdib uzun ill\u0259r arzusunda oldu\u011fu “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259\u015frini sevincl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f, “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin”d\u0259 d\u0259rc etdiyi “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 onu t\u0259brik etmi\u015fdir. Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lilin h\u0259min jurnalda “H\u00fcn\u0259rli qad\u0131nlar”, “\u0130ki \u0259r”, “Bir balaca yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131q” hekay\u0259l\u0259ri, h\u0259m\u00e7inin “K\u00f6hn\u0259 d\u0259rdim”, “Mirz\u0259 F\u0259t\u0259li Axundov dinl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda”, “Mirz\u0259 F\u0259t\u0259li Axundov v\u0259 qadm m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si” m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259rc olunmu\u015fdur. [28]<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 1924-c\u00fc ild\u0259 “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n ild\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcnasib\u0259til\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “K\u00f6hn\u0259 d\u0259rdim” adl\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 demi\u015fdi:[9][28]<\/p>\n

”\tB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcmd\u0259 vurdu\u011fum q\u0259l\u0259min \u00e7ox hiss\u0259si \u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 vurulub. \u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259rdini m\u0259n ham\u0131dan art\u0131q anlaya bil\u0259r\u0259m. O m\u0259nim k\u00f6hn\u0259 d\u0259rdimdi… N\u0259dir onlar\u0131n d\u0259rdi? \u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 azad etm\u0259k! N\u0259d\u0259n? \u015e\u0259ri\u0259tin k\u0259m\u0259ndind\u0259n, m\u00fcs\u0259lmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n z\u0259ncirind\u0259n, h\u0259r\u0259mxan\u0259l\u0259rin zindan\u0131ndan, qara \u00e7ar\u015faf\u0131n z\u00fclm\u00fcnd\u0259n.\t”
\n(C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 “K\u00f6hn\u0259 d\u0259rdim, “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” jurnal\u0131, 1924, \u2116 10, s\u0259h.25″).<\/p>\n

\u018fdib m\u00fcs\u0259lman al\u0259mind\u0259 d\u0259bd\u0259 olan si\u011f\u0259ni \u0259xlaqa, ail\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin\u0259 zidd hesab etmi\u015f v\u0259 bu c\u00fcr fikirl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 ruhanil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259qib olunmu\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Bu bar\u0259d\u0259 H\u0259mid\u0259 xan\u0131m \u00f6z xatir\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bel\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n

”\tFaiq \u0259f\u0259ndi Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil\u0259 bildirdi ki, evd\u0259n k\u0259nara \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131n, onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u0259k ist\u0259yirl\u0259r. \u015e\u0259h\u0259rin m\u00fcs\u0259lman hiss\u0259si b\u00f6y\u00fck h\u0259y\u0259can ke\u00e7irirdi. Camaat mollalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 m\u0259scid\u0259 toplan\u0131b Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil\u0259 l\u0259n\u0259t oxuyur, islama r\u0259xn\u0259 yetir\u0259n o dinsiziin q\u0259tlin\u0259 f\u0259rman verirdi. Ba\u015fqa yerl\u0259rd\u0259n avamlar Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil\u0259 s\u00f6y\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 h\u0259d\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 dolu m\u0259ktublar g\u00f6nd\u0259rmi\u015fdil\u0259r.\t”
\n[29]<\/p>\n

Buna baxmayaraq, \u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011frunda \u0259dibin apard\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259y\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k qiym\u0259t ver\u0259n d\u00f6vr\u00fcn m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi ziyal\u0131lar\u0131 da az deyildi. Y.V\u0259zirov “Mill\u0259t” q\u0259zetind\u0259 \u00e7ap etdirdiyi m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131:<\/p>\n

”\t\u0130slam al\u0259mind\u0259 h\u0259lli \u00fcsyana s\u0259b\u0259b olan bir \u00e7ox dini m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” z\u0259man\u0259 n\u00f6qteyi- n\u0259z\u0259rini etibara alaraq, qolayl\u0131qla h\u0259ll yoluna sald\u0131. \u018fski qanun v\u0259 ad\u0259tl\u0259r dair\u0259sini pozub geni\u015f bir vadiy\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131. Qad\u0131n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259si kimi z\u0259ruri, h\u0259yati v\u0259 bununla bel\u0259 qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni h\u0259ll etdi. Z\u0259man\u0259 yaz\u0131lml\u015f qanunlardan q\u00fcvv\u0259tlidir,-dedi. Z\u0259man\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259bat\u0131na tabe olunuz!\u009d\t”
\n[30]<\/p>\n

Ail\u0259si
\n1896-c\u0131 ild\u0259 ilk ail\u0259sini qurmu\u015fdur. 1897-ci ild\u0259 q\u0131z\u0131 M\u00fcn\u0259vv\u0259r anadan olmu\u015f, h\u0259yat yolda\u015f\u0131 H\u0259lim\u0259 xan\u0131m v\u0259fat etmi\u015fdir. 1900-c\u00fc ild\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f h\u00fcquq\u015f\u00fcnaslar\u0131ndan olan M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dqulu b\u0259y K\u0259ng\u0259rli-nin bac\u0131s\u0131 Nazl\u0131 xan\u0131m K\u0259ng\u0259rli il\u0259 ail\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131 qurur. Lakin sonradan Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lill\u0259 Nazl\u0131 xan\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri korlan\u0131r. 1903-c\u00fc ild\u0259 Nazl\u0131 xan\u0131m vaxt\u0131ndan \u0259vv\u0259l \u00f6l\u00fc u\u015faq do\u011fur v\u0259 bununla da \u0259s\u0259b x\u0259st\u0259liyin\u0259 tutulur. Mirz\u0259 C\u0259lil M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259dqulu b\u0259yl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 x\u0259st\u0259ni Tiflis\u0259 apar\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259kiml\u0259rin t\u00f6vsiyy\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259s\u0259b x\u0259st\u0259likl\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 Mixaylovski x\u0259st\u0259xanas\u0131na yerl\u0259\u015fdirir. Buna baxmayaraq Nazl\u0131 xan\u0131m\u0131n x\u0259st\u0259liyi \u015fidd\u0259tl\u0259nir, yem\u0259kd\u0259n q\u0259ti imtina edir v\u0259 tezlikl\u0259 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u0259f\u0259 15 iyun 1907-ci ild\u0259 H\u0259mid\u0259 xan\u0131m \u018fhm\u0259db\u0259y q\u0131z\u0131 Cavan\u015firl\u0259 ail\u0259 h\u0259yat\u0131 qurmu\u015f, o\u011flanlar\u0131 Midh\u0259t v\u0259 \u018fnv\u0259r d\u00fcnyaya g\u0259lmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti
\n1903-c\u00fc ild\u0259n Tbilisid\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr edil\u0259n “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zeti redaksiyas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259mi\u015fdir. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 jurnalist kimi formala\u015fmas\u0131nda “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zeti v\u0259 onun redaktoru M\u0259h\u0259mm\u0259d a\u011fa \u015eahtaxtinskinin m\u00fch\u00fcm rolu olmu\u015fdur.[31] “Po\u00e7t qutusu” adl\u0131 ilk m\u0259tbu \u0259s\u0259ri, “Ki\u015fmi\u015f oyunu”, Lev Tolstoydan t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 etdiyi “Z\u0259hm\u0259t, \u00f6l\u00fcm v\u0259 naxo\u015fluq” hekay\u0259l\u0259ri ilk d\u0259f\u0259 bu q\u0259zetd\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015fdir. 1904-c\u00fc il noyabr\u0131nda C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” q\u0259zetinin m\u00fcv\u0259qq\u0259ti redaktoru olmu\u015fdur. 1905-ci ild\u0259 “\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus” ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259, jurnalist \u00d6m\u0259r Faiq Nemanzad\u0259 v\u0259 maarifp\u0259rv\u0259r tacir M\u0259\u015f\u0259di \u018fl\u0259sg\u0259r Ba\u011f\u0131rzad\u0259 il\u0259 \u015f\u0259rikli bu q\u0259zetin m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sini al\u0131b, ona ” Qeyr\u0259t” ad\u0131 vermi\u015fdir. 1905-1907-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin ilk kitab\u00e7alar\u0131, (“Po\u00e7t qutusu”, “Usta Zeynal”, “Qurban\u0259li b\u0259y”, “\u0130randa h\u00fcriyy\u0259t” ) “Qeyr\u0259t” m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sind\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015fdur. H\u0259min ild\u0259 C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 Tiflisd\u0259 u\u015faqlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259kt\u0259b v\u0259 pansion a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131. 1905-ci ild\u0259 “Kavkazski rabo\u00e7i listok” q\u0259zetind\u0259 C\u0259nubi Az\u0259rbaycandan g\u0259lmi\u015f f\u0259hl\u0259l\u0259rin a\u011f\u0131r h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259svir ed\u0259n “Bin\u0259sibl\u0259r” v\u0259 “Xeyirdua” m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f etmi\u015fdi. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 h\u0259min ild\u0259 “Novruz” adl\u0131 g\u00fcnd\u0259lik q\u0259zet \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011fa icaz\u0259 alsa da, azadl\u0131q h\u0259rakat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259siri il\u0259 m\u00fcbariz satira orqan\u0131 n\u0259\u015fr etm\u0259yi daha m\u00fcnasib bildi.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin 100 illiyi m\u00fcnasib\u0259til\u0259 burax\u0131lm\u0131\u015f SSR\u0130 po\u00e7t markas\u0131 (1966)
\n\u0130lk n\u00f6mr\u0259si 1906-c\u0131 il aprelin 7-d\u0259 (k\u00f6hn\u0259 stil il\u0259 20 aprel) \u00e7\u0131xan “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259\u015frin\u0259 ba\u015flamaqla o, Az\u0259rbaycanda, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 t\u00fcrk-m\u00fcs\u0259lman d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ilk d\u0259f\u0259 satirik jurnalistikan\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoydu. H\u0259min vaxtdan o, Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin ad\u0131 il\u0259 tan\u0131nd\u0131. Mirz\u0259 \u018fl\u0259kb\u0259r Sabir, N\u0259riman N\u0259rimanov, \u018fbd\u00fcrr\u0259him b\u0259y Haqverdiyev, M\u0259mm\u0259d S\u0259id Ordubadi, \u00d6m\u0259r Faiq Nemanzad\u0259, \u018fli N\u0259zmi, \u018fliqulu Q\u0259mk\u00fcsar kimi yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 jurnalistl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259m ideya-yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q \u0259laq\u0259si yarand\u0131. C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin t\u0259bli\u011f etdiyi d\u0259rin demokratizm v\u0259 azadl\u0131q ideyalar\u0131 jurnala \u00fcmumxalq m\u0259h\u0259bb\u0259ti, beyn\u0259lxalq al\u0259md\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck n\u00fcfuz qazand\u0131rd\u0131. Mollan\u0259sr\u0259ddin\u00e7il\u0259r Yax\u0131n v\u0259 Orta \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin m\u0259kt\u0259bi” adl\u0131 q\u00fcdr\u0259tli m\u0259tbuat v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat m\u0259kt\u0259bi yaratd\u0131lar. “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” “Suri-\u0130srafil” (Az\u0259rbaycan), “N\u0259simi-\u015fimal” (\u0130ran), “C\u0259m” (T\u00fcrkiy\u0259), “Uklar” , “Y\u0259\u015fen” (Tatar\u0131stan), “Tokmaq” (T\u00fcrkm\u0259nistan), “Sin\u0259k” (Kr\u0131m) v\u0259 s. satirik jurnallar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6rn\u0259k oldu. \u018f. Lahuti, A. Turkay, M. Dehxuda, \u018f. Gilani “Molla \u0259mi”ni \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llim v\u0259 ustad se\u00e7mi\u015fdil\u0259r. Jurnal\u0131n Rusiyadan ba\u015fqa Asiya, Avropa v\u0259 Amerikan\u0131n bir s\u0131ra \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 abun\u0259\u00e7il\u0259ri var idi. Ba\u015fqa mollan\u0259sr\u0259ddin\u00e7il\u0259r kimi, C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 d\u0259 irtica v\u0259 qaraguruh\u00e7ular\u0131n arak\u0259silm\u0259z t\u0259qib v\u0259 t\u0259zyiqin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ar h\u00f6kum\u0259ti onu tez-tez m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 m\u0259suliyy\u0259tin\u0259 c\u0259lb edir, “Qeyr\u0259t” m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sind\u0259 axtar\u0131\u015flar apar\u0131r, b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin”in n\u0259\u015frini dayand\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.”Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131 yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n M.\u018f.Sabirl\u0259 ayr\u0131lmaz dost olmas\u0131nda da b\u00f6y\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 ev muzeyi
\n1920-ci ilin iyun ay\u0131nda C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 ail\u0259si il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 T\u0259briz\u0259 k\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f[32] v\u0259 1921-ci ild\u0259 orada Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddinin 8 n\u00f6mr\u0259sini \u00e7ap etmi\u015fdir. 1922-ci ild\u0259 “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin”in n\u0259\u015frinin burada davam etdirmi\u015fdir. “Yeni yol” q\u0259zetinin redaktoru, \u00dcmumittifaq M\u0259rk\u0259zi Yeni \u018flifba Komit\u0259sinin \u00fczv\u00fc, Bak\u0131 T\u0259nqid-T\u0259bli\u011f Teatr\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259\u015fkilat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan olmu\u015f, “Maarif v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259t”, “Yeni k\u0259nd”, “\u015e\u0259rq qad\u0131n\u0131” (indiki “Az\u0259rbaycan qad\u0131n\u0131”) v\u0259 s. m\u0259tbuat orqanlar\u0131nda f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. 20-ci ill\u0259rin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan tibar\u0259n C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin h\u0259yat\u0131nda ciddi sars\u0131nt\u0131lar d\u00f6vr\u00fc ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onun ba\u015f redaktoru oldu\u011fu “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131na ciddi senzura n\u0259zar\u0259ti qoyulmu\u015f, jurnal\u0131n n\u0259\u015fri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ayr\u0131lan d\u00f6vl\u0259t v\u0259saiti (dotasiya) azald\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. H\u0259tta “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcbariz Allahs\u0131zlar C\u0259miyy\u0259tinin orqan\u0131 kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259si m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011fun hesab edilmi\u015fdi. Bir \u00e7ox d\u00f6vl\u0259t s\u0259viyy\u0259li toplant\u0131lara, \u0259d\u0259bi-m\u0259d\u0259ni t\u0259dbirl\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259v\u0259t edilm\u0259m\u0259si, d\u00f6vri m\u0259tbuatda haqq\u0131nda \u00e7ap olunan yersiz t\u0259nqidi m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r d\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck demokrat \u0259dib \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259z m\u0259n\u0259vi-z\u0259rb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015fdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ciddi sur\u0259td\u0259 sars\u0131tm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 40 illik yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyu m\u00fcxt\u0259lif janrlarda (dram, hekay\u0259, povest, \u015feir, publisistika, \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259nqid, xatir\u0259 v\u0259 s.) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 realist Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259d\u0259biyat\u0131n\u0131n yeni, y\u00fcks\u0259k pill\u0259y\u0259 qalxmas\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259sna rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi v\u0259 estetik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rind\u0259 realizmin ard\u0131c\u0131l t\u0259r\u0259fdar\u0131, m\u00fcbariz t\u0259bli\u011fat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 v\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259\u00e7\u0131si idi. M. F. Axundov \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanan C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259td\u0259 m\u00fcc\u0259rr\u0259dliy\u0259, formalizm t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259rin\u0259, bit\u0259r\u0259flik v\u0259 ideyas\u0131zl\u0131q meyll\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 k\u0259skin m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apar\u0131rd\u0131. \u018fd\u0259biyyat\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259tbuat\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn xalq\u0131n, h\u0259tta sad\u0259, savads\u0131z, avam adamlar\u0131n mal\u0131 etm\u0259k onun \u0259sas yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q qay\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n idi. O, “q\u0259l\u0259ml\u0259 t\u0259\u015f\u0259xx\u00fcs satan” m\u0259sl\u0259ksiz yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 – “\u015feir b\u00fclb\u00fcll\u0259ri”ni hidd\u0259tl\u0259 t\u0259nqid edirdi. H\u0259l\u0259 “Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin \u0259hvalatlar\u0131” povesti v\u0259 ilk hekay\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 t\u0259nqidi realizm yolunu tutmu\u015fdu. Bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259 o zamank\u0131 Az\u0259rbaycan k\u0259ndind\u0259 h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u0259n feodal-patriarxal m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259r, \u00e7ar m\u0259murlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 din xadiml\u0259rinin \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131nal\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015f\u00fcurlarda v\u0259 m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259ki gerilik, m\u00f6vhumat v\u0259 x\u00fcrafat, qad\u0131nlar\u0131n ac\u0131nacl\u0131q taleyi, t\u0259r\u0259qqi v\u0259 dir\u00e7\u0259li\u015f\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran b\u00f6y\u00fck v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f yan\u011f\u0131s\u0131 il\u0259 q\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 \u00f6z q\u0259l\u0259m v\u0259 m\u0259sl\u0259k dostlar\u0131 il\u0259 birg\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan satiras\u0131n\u0131 daha da inki\u015faf etdir\u0259r\u0259k, ona demokratik m\u0259zmun verdi. Onun ” Po\u00e7t qutusu” (1905), “Usta Zeynal”, “\u0130randa h\u00fcrriyy\u0259t” (1906), “Qurban\u0259li b\u0259y” (1907) kimi hekay\u0259l\u0259ri, m\u0259\u015fhur “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” m\u00fchitinin r\u0259zal\u0259tl\u0259rini nifr\u0259tl\u0259 dam\u011falam\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u0131ql\u0131 h\u0259yat haqq\u0131nda arzular\u0131n t\u0259rc\u00fcman\u0131 olmu\u015fdur. \u0130lk d\u0259f\u0259 1916-c\u0131 ild\u0259 Bak\u0131da tama\u015faya qoyulan “\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r” komediyas\u0131 “baltan\u0131 dibind\u0259n vuran” (\u00dc. Hac\u0131b\u0259yov), “\u0130deyas\u0131 inqilabi” (N. N\u0259rimanov) bir \u0259s\u0259r kimi h\u0259rar\u0259tl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda milli \u015f\u00fcur, m\u0259nsub oldu\u011fu xalq\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259qilliyi v\u0259 taleyi (“Anam\u0131n kitab\u0131”,1919), ail\u0259 m\u0259kt\u0259b t\u0259rbiy\u0259si, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, marif\u00e7ilik ideyalar\u0131 (“Danaba\u015f k\u0259ndinin m\u0259kt\u0259bi”, 1921) v\u0259 s. probleml\u0259r d\u0259 geni\u015f yer alm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. Erm\u0259ni v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan m\u00fcnaqi\u015f\u0259si m\u00f6vzusunda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f birp\u0259rd\u0259li “Kaman\u00e7a” (1920) pyesind\u0259 xalq\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u0259rin humanizmini b\u00f6y\u00fck s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131qla t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdirmi\u015fdir. “D\u0259li y\u0131\u011f\u0131nca\u011f\u0131” (n\u0259\u015fri 1936) komediyas\u0131nda feodal-patriarxal m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri, fantizm k\u0259skin t\u0259nqid at\u0259\u015fin\u0259 tutulur. B\u0259dii yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fda da oldu\u011fu kimi, publisistikas\u0131nda da \u0259sas\u0259n, satirik janrlardan istifad\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. O, \u00e7arizm, sosial \u0259dal\u0259tsizlik, fantaizm, xurafat, c\u0259hal\u0259t v\u0259 nadanl\u0131q, Q\u0259rb inperailzmi v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rq istibdad\u0131 \u0259leyhin\u0259 \u00e7evrilmi\u015f y\u00fczl\u0259rc\u0259 publisistik m\u0259qal\u0259, fleyton v\u0259 satirik miniat\u00fcr\u00fcn m\u00fc\u0259llifidir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif satirik t\u0259svir \u00fcsullar\u0131 il\u0259 II Nikolay, M\u0259mm\u0259d\u0259li \u015fah, Sultan \u018fbd\u00fclh\u0259mid, Kayzer Vilhelm v\u0259 b. “b\u00f6y\u00fckl\u0259ri if\u015fa edirdi. Dig\u0259r d\u00fcnya demokrat yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 v\u0259 M. F. Axundov m\u0259zlumlar \u0259l\u0259, “d\u0259y\u0259n\u0259k” alma\u011fa, zal\u0131mlara qar\u015f\u0131 q\u0259ti m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparma\u011fa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. “C\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259t” (1917) adl\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 xalq hakimiy\u0259ti, demokratik respublika t\u0259l\u0259bi ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin b\u00fcst\u00fc
\nC. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin publisit \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 milli m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259n, \u0130ran v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 inqilablar\u0131ndan, qad\u0131n azadl\u0131\u011f\u0131, maarif, \u0259d\u0259biyyat, inc\u0259s\u0259n\u0259t, ana dili v\u0259 s. ictimai-m\u0259d\u0259ni t\u0259r\u0259qqi probleml\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259hs edilir, qabaqc\u0131l fikirl\u0259r y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00c7oxc\u0259h\u0259tli, d\u0259rin bilik sahibi olan \u0259dib Datvin, Epik\u00fcr, v\u0259 Sokrat, \u015eekspir v\u0259 \u015eiller, Kant v\u0259 Spinoza, Holbax v\u0259 Leybnits, Qlinka v\u0259 Bethoven, Derjavin v\u0259 Pu\u015fkin, Z\u0259rd\u00fc\u015ft v\u0259 Mani, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif siyasi, f\u0259ls\u0259fi, dini, sosioloji c\u0259r\u0259yanlar haqq\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fcrt\u0259ce ideyalar\u0131 r\u0259dd etmi\u015f, B\u0259\u015f\u0259r d\u00fchas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcm nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini t\u0259bli\u011f\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. 1922-1930-cu ill\u0259rd\u0259 C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin”i m\u00fcbariz m\u0259tbua orqanlar\u0131ndan birin\u0259 \u00e7evirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259yl\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, g\u0259nc yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 v\u0259 r\u0259ssamlar\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck bir n\u0259slini satirik jurnalistika sah\u0259sind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131rlay\u0131rd\u0131. Jurnal\u0131n bu ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan nomr\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 satiraya yeni ictimai m\u0259zmun verm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259di il\u0259 ciddi yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q axtar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 apar\u0131rd\u0131. O, publisistikas\u0131, n\u0259sr v\u0259 dram \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131 janr v\u0259 formaca da z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. X\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259, ki\u00e7ik hekay\u0259nin b\u00f6y\u00fck ustad\u0131 hesab edilirdi. Hekay\u0259l\u0259ri sosial m\u0259tl\u0259bl\u0259ri son d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259 y\u0131\u011fcam formada, m\u0259har\u0259tl\u0259 \u0259ks etdirm\u0259k bax\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n kamil n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131nda durur. C. M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin z\u0259ngin b\u0259dii irsi, “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131 t\u0259kc\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda deyil, Yax\u0131n v\u0259 Orta \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 \u0130ran v\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259d\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi-ictimai fikrin, maarif\u00e7i-demokratik h\u0259r\u0259kkat\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131na t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin Bak\u0131dak\u0131 Ev Muzeyi
\nXatir\u0259si
\nC.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri bir s\u0131ra dill\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir. Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131nda bir s\u0131ra k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni-maarif m\u00fc\u0259ssis\u0259sin\u0259 (o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n Nax\u00e7\u0131van D\u00f6vl\u0259t Musiqili Dram Teatr\u0131na v\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131van Muxtar Respublika \u018fd\u0259biyyat Muzeyin\u0259) C.M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fdir. Ke\u00e7mi\u015f Astraxan rayonu v\u0259 \u015f\u0259h\u0259ri 1967-ci ild\u0259 onun \u015f\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 C\u0259lilabad, vaxtil\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259llimlik etdiyi Ba\u015f Nora\u015fen k\u0259ndi is\u0259 C\u0259lilk\u0259nd adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda v\u0259 C\u0259lilabadda heyk\u0259li qoyulmu\u015fdur. Bak\u0131da v\u0259 Nax\u00e7\u0131vanda ev-muzeyl\u0259ri, Nehr\u0259m v\u0259 C\u0259lilk\u0259nd k\u0259ndl\u0259rind\u0259 xatir\u0259 muzeyl\u0259ri a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Anadan olmas\u0131n\u0131n 100 v\u0259 125 illik yubileyl\u0259ri geni\u015f qeyd olunmu\u015fdur.[33]<\/p>\n

17 yanvar 2019-cu ild\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan prezidenti C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin 150 illik yubileyinin qeyd edilm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda s\u0259r\u0259ncam imzalam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.[34]<\/p>\n

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin 25 il redaktoru oldu\u011fu “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” jurnal\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz qab\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1906)
\n\u015e\u0259c\u0259r\u0259si
\nBaba
\nH\u00fcseynqulu (1808-?)
\nM\u0259\u015f\u0259di M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu (1836-1905)
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 (1869-1932)[35]
\nDini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, m\u00fcbahis\u0259 do\u011furur. B\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 o ateist, b\u0259zi m\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 is\u0259 sad\u0259c\u0259 m\u00fcs\u0259lman demokratizminin t\u0259r\u0259fdar\u0131 olmu\u015fdur. Amma bu d\u0259qiqdir ki, o \u00f6z \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn ekstremist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259, cahilliy\u0259, savads\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa v\u0259 dini xurafatlara qar\u015f\u0131 k\u0259skin t\u0259nqidi fikirl\u0259r s\u0259sl\u0259ndirmi\u015fdir.[36][37]<\/p>\n

\u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri: 4 cildd\u0259. I cild. N\u0259sr, dram \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, satirik \u015feirl\u0259r, t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259r
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri: 4 cildd\u0259. II cild. Felyeton v\u0259 m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri: 4 cildd\u0259. III cild. Felyeton v\u0259 m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri: 4 cildd\u0259. IV cild. Memuarlar, m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r, m\u0259ktublar
\nHaqq\u0131nda \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n film
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 (film, 1966)
\n\u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri \u00fczr\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259n filml\u0259r
\nPo\u00e7t qutusu (film, 1967)
\nQuzu (film, 1967)
\nQ\u0259m p\u0259nc\u0259r\u0259si (film, 1986)
\nPirverdinin xoruzu (film, 1987)
\nQurban\u0259li b\u0259y (film, 1989)
\nO d\u00fcnyadan salam (film, 1991)
\nLal (film, 1992)
\nAnam\u0131n kitab\u0131 (film, 1994)
\nNigaran\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q (film, 1998)
\nLal (film, 2003)
\nOyun (film, 2003)
\nSirk\u0259 (film, 2003)
\nKefsiz (film, 2003 )
\nH\u0259m\u00e7inin bax
\nMolla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin (jurnal)
\n\u00d6l\u00fcl\u0259r (opera)
\n\u015e\u0259rqi-Rus (q\u0259zet)
\nKaspi (q\u0259zet, 1881)
\nF\u00fcyuzat (jurnal)
\nNehr\u0259m m\u0259kt\u0259bi
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259nin ev-muzeyi (Nax\u00e7\u0131van)
\nC\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 ad\u0131na Nax\u00e7\u0131van D\u00f6vl\u0259t Musiqili Dram Teatr\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 (tam ad\u0131: C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dqulu o\u011flu M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259; 10 fevral 1869[1], Nax\u00e7\u0131van, \u0130r\u0259van quberniyas\u0131, Rusiya \u0130mperiyas\u0131 \u2013 4 yanvar 1932, Bak\u0131, Az\u0259rbaycan SSR, ZSFSR, SSR\u0130) \u2014 Az\u0259rbaycan yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, dramaturqu, jurnalisti, ictimai xadimi; “Molla N\u0259sr\u0259ddin” \u0259d\u0259bi m\u0259kt\u0259binin banisi v\u0259 ideya r\u0259hb\u0259ri.[2][3][4][5] C\u0259lil M\u0259mm\u0259dquluzad\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin Az\u0259rbaycanda v\u0259 \u015e\u0259rqd\u0259 ilk feminizm, qad\u0131nlar\u0131n v\u0259 ki\u015fil\u0259rin h\u00fcquq b\u0259rab\u0259rliyi ideologiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-edeb"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30161"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30171,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161\/revisions\/30171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}