{"id":9293,"date":"2014-06-21T06:45:58","date_gmt":"2014-06-21T06:45:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=9293"},"modified":"2014-06-21T06:45:58","modified_gmt":"2014-06-21T06:45:58","slug":"togrul-ibrahimov-suni-secm%c9%99-seleksiya-n%c9%99-ucun-t%c9%99kamul%c9%99-d%c9%99lil-deyil-m%c9%99qal%c9%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=9293","title":{"rendered":"To\u011frul \u0130BRAH\u0130MOV.”S\u00fcni se\u00e7m\u0259, seleksiya n\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u0259 d\u0259lil deyil?” (M\u0259qal\u0259)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"kosssse<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcn qabaqc\u0131l t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r bel\u0259 bitki v\u0259 heyvan seleksiyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sin\u0259 s\u00fcbut olaraq q\u0259bul etmirl\u0259r. Lakin b\u0259zi t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r bu iddialardan \u0259l \u00e7\u0259km\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259 q\u0259rarl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 g\u0259lin bu m\u00f6vzunun t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259si olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elmi d\u0259lill\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131raq.<\/p>\n

Bitki sortlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 heyvan cinsl\u0259rinin seleksiyas\u0131 Darvin t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini ortaya atmazdan daha \u0259vv\u0259l insanlara m\u0259lum idi… \u0130t, qoyun v\u0259 in\u0259k kimi heyvanlar aras\u0131nda \u0259tlik, s\u00fcdl\u00fck v\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 qa\u00e7an cinsl\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn seleksiya\u00e7\u0131lar x\u00fcsusi bir ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131qla bu prosesi h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259r\u0259k daha faydal\u0131 cinsl\u0259r yeti\u015fdirmi\u015fdirl\u0259r. Bunu ed\u0259nl\u0259r is\u0259 t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r deyil, \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 he\u00e7 bir \u0259laq\u0259si olmayan insanlar olmu\u015fdur. Bu ad\u0259t 19-cu \u0259srd\u0259 elmi bir daya\u011fa s\u00f6yk\u0259dilmi\u015fdir. Bunun s\u0259b\u0259bi is\u0259 t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259rin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si yox, Mendelin k\u0259\u015ff etdiyi genetika qanunlar\u0131d\u0131r. Mendel dindar, Allaha inanan, yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 ed\u0259n v\u0259 t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xan bir elm adam\u0131 kimi m\u0259\u015fhurla\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. B\u0259zi t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259rin bitki v\u0259 heyvan seleksiyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00fcn bir d\u0259lili kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k c\u0259hdl\u0259ri s\u0259thi bir m\u0259ntiq\u0259 \u0259saslan\u0131r: \u201cSeleksiya\u00e7\u0131lar bir ne\u00e7\u0259 n\u0259sil i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 f\u0259rqli cins heyvanlar \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259 bilirl\u0259r, el\u0259 is\u0259 milyonlarla il \u0259rzind\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6vl\u0259r bir-birind\u0259n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r\u201d. Ancaq bu m\u0259ntiqin \u0259sass\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 madd\u0259yl\u0259 izah etm\u0259k olar:<\/p>\n

Heyvan v\u0259 ya bitki n\u00f6vl\u0259ri \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lan seleksiya i\u015fl\u0259ri insanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n- x\u00fcsusi bir m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 a\u011f\u0131l sahibi insanlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u015f\u00fcurlu \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. Ancaq t\u0259bi\u0259td\u0259 bel\u0259 bir \u015f\u00fcurlu mexanizm yoxdur.<\/p>\n

\u018fn vacibi is\u0259 budur ki, bu proses he\u00e7 bir zaman m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir s\u0259rh\u0259di ke\u00e7\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Bu \u00fcsulla yeni canl\u0131 n\u00f6vl\u0259ri meydana g\u0259tiril\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Darvinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259 genetika bilinm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn o, bitki v\u0259 heyvan seleksiya\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259rh\u0259dsiz d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259rini z\u0259nn etmi\u015f, amma bu fikir 20-ci \u0259srd\u0259 genetik ara\u015fd\u0131rmalar say\u0259sind\u0259 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. 20-ci \u0259srd\u0259 canl\u0131lar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 apar\u0131lan b\u0259zi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 genetik d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259zlik (genetic homeostatis) qanunu elm\u0259 m\u0259lum olub. Bu qanun bir canl\u0131 n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fc d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn seleksiya i\u015fl\u0259rinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259n k\u0259nara \u00e7\u0131xmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir, canl\u0131 n\u00f6vl\u0259ri aras\u0131nda ke\u00e7ilm\u0259z s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259r oldu\u011funu s\u00fcbut edir. Bunu s\u00fcni se\u00e7m\u0259nin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif metodlar\u0131nda daha \u0259trafl\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131ra bil\u0259rik:<\/p>\n

F\u0259rdi se\u00e7m\u0259. \u018fg\u0259r insana h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir bitkid\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir \u0259lam\u0259t xo\u015f g\u0259libs\u0259, onda insan ona qar\u015f\u0131 f\u0259rdi se\u00e7m\u0259 t\u0259tbiq edir, y\u0259ni:<\/p>\n

1. O, bu bitkini \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 tozland\u0131rmaqla \u00e7oxald\u0131r, bel\u0259c\u0259 arzu olunan \u0259lam\u0259ti m\u00f6hk\u0259ml\u0259ndirir.<\/p>\n

2. Bel\u0259likl\u0259 insan saf x\u0259tl\u0259r al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

3. Lakin saf x\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 homoziqotlar\u0131n say\u0131 artd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mutasiyalar\u0131n da \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xma ehtimal\u0131 \u00e7oxal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4. Mutasiyalar h\u0259r zaman z\u0259r\u0259rli prosesl\u0259r oldu\u011funa g\u00f6r\u0259 insan \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 tozland\u0131rman\u0131 dayand\u0131r\u0131r, al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcxt\u0259lif saf x\u0259tl\u0259ri bir-biriyl\u0259 \u00e7arpazla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5. Bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f n\u0259sild\u0259 heterozis effekti (hibrid q\u00fcvv\u0259si) \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r (Heterozis- iki saf x\u0259ttin \u00e7arpazla\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nan n\u0259sild\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u0259yatilik qabiliyy\u0259tinin v\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcml\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn meydana \u00e7\u0131xmas\u0131d\u0131r).<\/p>\n

6. Lakin ikinci n\u0259sild\u0259 heterozis z\u0259ifl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fcz kimi, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 canl\u0131lar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir s\u0259rh\u0259dd\u0259n sonra d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259y\u0259 deyil, \u0259ksin\u0259, \u00f6z orijinal v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin\u0259 qay\u0131tma\u011fa daha \u00e7ox meyl g\u00f6st\u0259rirl\u0259r. \u201cDarvin Retried\u201d (\u201cDarvin Yenid\u0259n M\u00fchakim\u0259d\u0259\u201d) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n m\u00fc\u0259llifi Norman Makbet bu m\u00f6vzuyla ba\u011fl\u0131 bel\u0259 deyir:<\/p>\n

\u201cProblem canl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n d\u0259 s\u0259rh\u0259dsiz bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcd\u0259 variasiya (m\u00fcxt\u0259lifl\u0259\u015fm\u0259) g\u00f6st\u0259rib g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259dikl\u0259ridir. N\u00f6vl\u0259r h\u0259r zaman sabitdirl\u0259r, seleksiya\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u0259ld\u0259 etdikl\u0259ri m\u00fcxt\u0259lif bitki sortlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 heyvan cinsl\u0259rinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259n sonra d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259diyi, h\u0259tta h\u0259r zaman orijinal formalar\u0131na qay\u0131td\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilirik…\u201d1<\/p>\n

Seleksiya m\u00f6vzusunda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259rind\u0259n biri say\u0131lan L\u00fcter Berbank bu h\u0259qiq\u0259ti \u201cbir canl\u0131da meydana g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259n d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259 ehtimal\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u0259rh\u0259di vard\u0131r v\u0259 bu qanun b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunmu\u015f b\u0259zi \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259l\u0259r i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 saxlay\u0131r\u201d2 dey\u0259r\u0259k ifad\u0259 edir.<\/p>\n

Variasiya n\u0259dir?<\/p>\n

Variasiya genetika elmind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259dil\u0259n termindir v\u0259 \u201cm\u00fcxt\u0259lifl\u0259\u015fm\u0259\u201d m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131 verir. Bu genetik hadis\u0259 bir canl\u0131 n\u00f6v\u00fc daxilind\u0259ki f\u0259rdl\u0259rin v\u0259 ya qruplar\u0131n bir-birl\u0259rind\u0259n f\u0259rqli x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r\u0259 malik olmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b olur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, yer \u00fcz\u00fcnd\u0259ki insanlar\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131, \u0259sas etibaril\u0259, eyni genetik m\u0259lumata malikdirl\u0259r, amma bu genetik m\u0259lumat\u0131n imkan verdiyi variasiya potensial\u0131 say\u0259sind\u0259 b\u0259zil\u0259ri q\u0131y\u0131q g\u00f6zl\u00fcd\u00fcr, b\u0259zil\u0259ri sar\u0131\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r, b\u0259zil\u0259rinin burnu uzun, b\u0259zil\u0259rinin boyu q\u0131sad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Variasiya t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u0259 d\u0259lil deyil, \u00e7\u00fcnki variasiya onsuz da m\u00f6vcud olan genetik m\u0259lumat\u0131n f\u0259rqli c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n ortaya \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r v\u0259 genetik m\u0259lumata yeni x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t qazand\u0131rm\u0131r. T\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duran sual is\u0259 budur: tamamil\u0259 yeni n\u00f6v\u0259 aid yeni m\u0259lumat nec\u0259 \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Variasiya h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 genetik m\u0259lumat\u0131n h\u00fcdudlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 olur. Genetika elmind\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcged\u0259n h\u00fcduda \u201cgen hovuzu\u201d deyilir. Bir canl\u0131 n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcn gen hovuzunda m\u00f6vcud olan b\u00fct\u00fcn x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259r variasiya say\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif formalarda \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xa bilir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, variasiya n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 bir s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u0259n n\u00f6v\u00fc daxilind\u0259 dig\u0259rin\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n daha uzun quyruqlu v\u0259 ya daha q\u0131sa ayaql\u0131 cinsl\u0259r meydana g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r, \u00e7\u00fcnki q\u0131sa ayaq m\u0259lumat\u0131 da, uzun ayaq m\u0259lumat\u0131 da h\u0259min n\u00f6v\u00fcn gen hovuzunda var. Amma variasiya s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 qanad tax\u0131b, l\u0259l\u0259k \u0259lav\u0259 edib, madd\u0259l\u0259r m\u00fcbadil\u0259l\u0259rini d\u0259yi\u015fdirib onlar\u0131 qu\u015fa \u00e7evirmir. \u00c7\u00fcnki bu c\u00fcr \u00e7evrilm\u0259 canl\u0131n\u0131n genetik m\u0259lumat\u0131nda \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r olmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b edir, lakin variasiyalarda bel\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259t ba\u015f vermir.<\/p>\n

Darvin n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini ir\u0259li s\u00fcrd\u00fckd\u0259 bu h\u0259qiq\u0259ti d\u0259rk etm\u0259mi\u015fdi. Variasiyalar\u0131n h\u00fcdudu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1844-c\u00fc ild\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 \u201cbir \u00e7ox yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 t\u0259bi\u0259td\u0259ki variasiyan\u0131n bir h\u00fcdudu oldu\u011funu q\u0259bul edir, amma m\u0259n bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259nin \u0259sasland\u0131\u011f\u0131 konkret s\u0259b\u0259bi g\u00f6r\u0259 bilmir\u0259m\u201d demi\u015fdi. \u201cN\u00f6vl\u0259rin m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi\u201dnd\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif variasiya n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rini n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sinin \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck d\u0259lili kimi g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdi. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Darvinin fikrinc\u0259, daha \u00e7ox s\u00fcd ver\u0259n in\u0259k cinsl\u0259ri yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif in\u0259k variasiyalar\u0131n\u0131 c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n heyvandarlar n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 in\u0259kl\u0259ri ba\u015fqa canl\u0131 n\u00f6v\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259kdil\u0259r. Darvinin bu \u201ch\u00fcdudsuz d\u0259yi\u015fiklik\u201d fikrini \u201cN\u00f6vl\u0259rin m\u0259n\u015f\u0259yi\u201d kitab\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu c\u00fcml\u0259si \u0259n yax\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 ifad\u0259 edir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir ay\u0131 cinsinin t\u0259bii se\u00e7m\u0259 yolu il\u0259 getdikc\u0259 daha \u00e7ox suda ya\u015fama\u011fa uy\u011fun qurulu\u015f v\u0259 v\u0259rdi\u015fl\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 etm\u0259sind\u0259, daha b\u00f6y\u00fck a\u011f\u0131za malik olmas\u0131nda v\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu canl\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259h\u0259ng balinaya \u00e7evrilm\u0259sind\u0259 he\u00e7 bir \u00e7\u0259tinlik g\u00f6rm\u00fcr\u0259m\u201d3.<\/p>\n

Darvinin bu c\u00fcr iddial\u0131 n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259r verm\u0259sinin s\u0259b\u0259bi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259srin ibtidai elm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 idi. Cerri Berqman \u201cT\u0259bii se\u00e7m\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar b\u0259zi bioloji probleml\u0259r\u201d adl\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 variasiyan\u0131n daima m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n genetik h\u00fcdudlar daxilind\u0259 meydana g\u0259ldiyini a\u00e7\u0131qlayan bioloq Edvard Diveyd\u0259n sitat g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k bel\u0259 \u015f\u0259rh edir:<\/p>\n

\u201cDivey bu n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259lmi\u015fdir: \u201c\u00c7arpaz c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 metodu il\u0259 \u00e7ox m\u00fch\u00fcm n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r \u0259ld\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir… Amma n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu\u011fda yen\u0259 d\u0259 bu\u011fdad\u0131r, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u00fcz\u00fcm deyil. Donuzlarda qanad \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259yimiz qu\u015flar\u0131n silindir\u015f\u0259killi yumurtlamalar\u0131 q\u0259d\u0259r qeyri-m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Daha m\u00fcasir n\u00fcmun\u0259 son \u0259sr \u0259rzind\u0259 d\u00fcnyadak\u0131 ki\u015fil\u0259rin boyunda m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259 edil\u0259n art\u0131md\u0131r. Daha yax\u015f\u0131 qidalanma v\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ri say\u0259sind\u0259 ki\u015fil\u0259r son \u0259sr \u0259rzind\u0259 boylar\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu il\u0259 dem\u0259k olar ki, rekord q\u0131r\u0131blar; amma bu boy uzunlu\u011fu artsa da, art\u0131q dayanma h\u0259ddin\u0259 \u00e7atm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnki art\u0131q genetik h\u00fcduda dir\u0259nmi\u015f v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259yik\u201d\u201d4.<\/p>\n

Q\u0131sacas\u0131, bitki v\u0259 heyvanlar \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 seleksiya i\u015fl\u0259ri yaln\u0131zca bir n\u00f6v\u00fcn genetik m\u0259lumat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259rh\u0259dl\u0259ri i\u00e7ind\u0259 meydana g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259n b\u0259zi d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rdir, amma he\u00e7 vaxt n\u00f6vl\u0259r\u0259 yeni bir genetik m\u0259lumat \u0259lav\u0259 etmir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, s\u00fcni se\u00e7m\u0259 prosesi t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u0259 n\u00fcmun\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259 bilm\u0259z. M\u00fcxt\u0259lif it, in\u0259k, ya da at cinsl\u0259rini n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdirirsinizs\u0259 c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdirin, n\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 ortaya yen\u0259 d\u0259 itl\u0259r, in\u0259kl\u0259r v\u0259 ya atlar \u00e7\u0131xacaq, yeni n\u00f6v \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p>\n

Danimarkal\u0131 elm adam\u0131 V.L. Cohansen bu m\u00f6vzunu bel\u0259 x\u00fclas\u0259 edir:<\/p>\n

\u201cDarvinin x\u00fcsusi vur\u011fulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 variasiyalar, \u0259slind\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n h\u0259dd\u0259n ir\u0259li ged\u0259 bilmirl\u0259r v\u0259 bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n variasiyalar \u201cdaimi d\u0259yi\u015fikliy\u0259 (t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u0259) s\u0259b\u0259b deyil\u201d5.<\/p>\n

Eyni zamanda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00f6vl\u0259rd\u0259n olan f\u0259rdl\u0259ri c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdirs\u0259k d\u0259, meydana \u00e7\u0131xan n\u0259sil d\u00f6ls\u00fcz olur, \u00e7oxala bilmir.<\/p>\n

Bundan ba\u015fqa, s\u00fcni mutagenezl\u0259rl\u0259 d\u0259 mikroorqanizml\u0259rin funksiyas\u0131n\u0131 pozaraq vitaminl\u0259r, amin tur\u015fular\u0131, d\u0259rman preparatlar\u0131, antibiotikl\u0259r, z\u00fclallar istehsal etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu, insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn faydal\u0131, lakin canl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn olduqca z\u0259r\u0259rlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki canl\u0131lar \u00f6z funksiyalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa prosesl\u0259ri h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur edilirl\u0259r. Bel\u0259 ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn mutasiyalarda DNT sintezind\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklik yaran\u0131r, bu da bir qayda olaraq orqanizm \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lveri\u015fsiz olur v\u0259 \u00e7ox zaman onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nir.<\/p>\n

Poliploidlik. \u018fks\u0259r\u0259n bitkil\u0259rd\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunur. Ad\u0259t\u0259n, s\u00fcni sur\u0259td\u0259, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n kolxisin z\u0259h\u0259ri il\u0259 bitki h\u00fcceyr\u0259sinin b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259rini da\u011f\u0131tmaqla \u0259ld\u0259 edilir. B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259ri da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f h\u00fcceyr\u0259d\u0259 xromosomlar q\u00fctbl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kil\u0259 bilm\u0259diyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn xromosom y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 arta bilir. Poliploid (xromosom y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f) h\u00fcceyr\u0259l\u0259r daha iri olur v\u0259 daha \u00e7ox h\u00fcceyr\u0259 \u015fir\u0259si toplaya bilir, bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n d\u0259, bitki daha iri olur v\u0259 \u00e7ox m\u0259hsul verir. Amma h\u0259r zamank\u0131 kimi, yeni n\u00f6v ortaya \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131r, \u0259ksin\u0259 bitkiy\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r ver\u0259c\u0259k bir proses ba\u015f verir. Buradan bu n\u0259tic\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259k olar ki, insan \u00f6z\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn faydal\u0131 hesab etdiyi \u0259lam\u0259ti se\u00e7ir, amma bu, bitki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 d\u0259 faydal\u0131 say\u0131la bilm\u0259z.<\/p>\n

M\u0259nb\u0259l\u0259r:<\/p>\n

1- Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried: An Appeal to Reason, Harvard Common Press, New York: 1971, s. 33<\/p>\n

2- Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried: An Appeal to Reason, s. 36<\/p>\n

3- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, s\u0259h. 184.<\/p>\n

4- Jerry Bergman, “Some Biological Problems With the Natural Selection Theory”, The Creation Research Society Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3, December 1992.<\/p>\n

5- Loren Eiseley, The Immense Journey, Vintage Books, 1958, s\u0259h. 227; Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried: An Appeal to Reason, Harvard Common Press, Boston, 1971, s\u0259h. 33.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu g\u00fcn qabaqc\u0131l t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r bel\u0259 bitki v\u0259 heyvan seleksiyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sin\u0259 s\u00fcbut olaraq q\u0259bul etmirl\u0259r. Lakin b\u0259zi t\u0259kam\u00fcl\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r bu iddialardan \u0259l \u00e7\u0259km\u0259m\u0259kd\u0259 q\u0259rarl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 g\u0259lin bu m\u00f6vzunun t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259si olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elmi d\u0259lill\u0259rl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 ara\u015fd\u0131raq. Bitki sortlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 heyvan cinsl\u0259rinin seleksiyas\u0131 Darvin t\u0259kam\u00fcl n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259sini ortaya atmazdan daha \u0259vv\u0259l insanlara m\u0259lum idi… \u0130t, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pub"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9293"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9295,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293\/revisions\/9295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}