B.\u0130.Eminli
\nSumqay\u0131t D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universiteti,
\nAz\u0259rbaycan dili v\u0259 t\u00fcrkologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llimi<\/p>\n
M\u00dcRAC\u0130\u018fT FORMALARININ SE\u00c7\u0130LM\u018f T\u018fL\u018fBL\u018fR\u0130<\/p>\n
A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131, etiket, xitab, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t<\/p>\n
\u00abDil \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t vasit\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn apar\u0131c\u0131 yerini qoruyub saxlay\u0131r v\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 d\u0259 saxlayacaq. O, ifad\u0259 olunas\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r insanlara \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131las\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ist\u0259nil\u0259n m\u0259zmunu ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259ti olan informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sinin \u00f6z imkanlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259n z\u0259ngin vasit\u0259sidir. Dil fikrin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn formala\u015fmas\u0131 kimi \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edir, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 dil \u00fcnsiyy\u0259ti digb\u0259r informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si formalar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 n\u00f6vl\u0259rinin \u0259sas\u0131nda dayan\u0131r.
\nT\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, insan\u0131n m\u00fcsb\u0259t keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 onun ayd\u0131n v\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00abH\u0259r bir insan \u00f6z dilinin arxas\u0131nda giz\u0259lnmi\u015fdir\u00bb. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq\u0259 malik olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259bii ki, g\u00f6z\u0259l natiq do\u011fulmaq laz\u0131m deyil. Sad\u0259c\u0259, kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r ictimai-siyasi, elmi biliy\u0259 v\u0259 z\u0259ngin s\u00f6z ehtiyat\u0131na sahib olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. \u018fn ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 is\u0259 N\u0259 dem\u0259k? Nec\u0259 dem\u0259k? Harada dem\u0259k? prinsipin\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u0259m\u0259l etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. M.T.Siseron yaz\u0131r ki, \u015fairl\u0259r anadan \u015fair do\u011fulurlar, natiql\u0259r is\u0259 ictimai-siyasi h\u0259yatda sonradan yeti\u015firl\u0259r.
\nM.T.Siseron bunu da qeyd edir ki, xeyirxah olan \u015f\u0259xs h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 qadirdir. Kim g\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa, o b\u00fct\u00fcn xeyirxah c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdirir v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcdrikdir. H\u0259qiqi natiq \u00f6z m\u00fcdrikliyi \u2026 il\u0259 t\u0259kc\u0259 n\u00fcfuz qazanm\u0131r, h\u0259m d\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara, d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 fayda verir, u\u011furlar g\u0259tirir, s\u0259ad\u0259t ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131r.
\nT\u0259biidir ki, g\u00f6z\u0259l nitq, r\u0259van dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q auditoriya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maraql\u0131 m\u00f6vzunun se\u00e7ilm\u0259sind\u0259n, nitqd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259dil\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rin ah\u0259ngdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259nin \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tind\u0259n, h\u0259tta zahiri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259n v\u0259 s. as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq qabiliyy\u0259tin\u0259, nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 malik olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00f6z ehtiyat\u0131na, geni\u015f d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259, yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131na, istedada, ciddi s\u0259y\u0259 malik olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq dinl\u0259yicinin q\u0259lbini f\u0259th edir, onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr, n\u0259tic\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011fa vadar edir.
\nDinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 3 v\u0259zif\u0259 qoyulur: a) dinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k; b) diqq\u0259ti nitqd\u0259 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u2013 dinl\u0259yiciy\u0259 psixoloji t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259min yaratmaq; c) dinl\u0259yicini h\u0259y\u0259canland\u0131rmaq, onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 s\u00f6vq etm\u0259k.
\nNitqin n\u00f6vl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k d\u0259 dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q, nec\u0259 dey\u0259rl\u0259r, m\u0259qam\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259lidir. Natiq dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin h\u0259tta ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131, v\u0259zif\u0259sini, c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki m\u00f6vqeyini, vaxt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oxlu\u011funu, yaxud azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almal\u0131d\u0131r. Dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r \u00abm\u00fcharib\u0259 v\u0259 ya dinc quruculuq d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rlar?\u00bb sual\u0131 da natiq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maraql\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nNitqin u\u011furlu al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ikinci \u0259sas \u015f\u0259rt dinl\u0259yicidir. \u00c7\u00fcnki natiqin s\u0259n\u0259tini, m\u0259har\u0259tini d\u00fczg\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n m\u0259hz dinl\u0259yici auditoriyas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitqin m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tini t\u0259min ed\u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131ca amill\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 natiqlik priyomlar\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar kompleks t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259nd\u0259 dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 xo\u015f t\u0259sir ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131r v\u0259 \u00abestetik qida\u00bb verir. \u00ab\u0130nsan e\u015fitdiyi s\u00f6z\u00fcn natiqin\u0259 bax\u0131b h\u0259m\u0259n s\u00f6z\u00fc q\u0259bul ed\u0259r\u00bb (M.S.Ordubadi). Natiqlik priyomlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259zil\u0259ri nitqin b\u00fct\u00f6v kompozisiyas\u0131 il\u0259, bir qismi is\u0259 yaln\u0131z giri\u015f v\u0259 ya finalla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Giri\u015fl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan priyomlar dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin diqq\u0259tini \u0259l\u0259 almaq, \u0259sas m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ltm\u0259k v\u0259 sakitlik yaratmaq m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.
\nNitq dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u00abNec\u0259 ba\u015flamal\u0131?\u00bb sual\u0131 \u0259n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259li natiql\u0259ri bel\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnki bir s\u0131ra hallarda natiqin \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00abgiri\u015f\u00bb auditoriyan\u0131n real v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmir.
\nDinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259k d\u0259 nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259ni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u0259n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ndir. T\u0259bii ki, nitqin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 edil\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259td\u0259n v\u0259 onun formalar\u0131ndan \u00e7ox \u015fey as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131 ist\u0259nil\u0259n \u015fifahi v\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131 nitqd\u0259 dinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir vasit\u0259, sonrak\u0131 m\u0259tn\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, m\u00fckalim\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir a\u00e7ar rolunu oynay\u0131r. Bu zaman \u0259sas postulatlardan biri odur ki, kim m\u00fcraci\u0259t edir v\u0259 kim\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t edilir?
\nH\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t \u0259n parlaq, \u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki biz insan\u0131 ya sosial roluna, ya f\u0259rdi \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259, ya ona olan \u015f\u0259xsi m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rimiz\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r formada adland\u0131r\u0131r\u0131q. Bel\u0259 etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi \u0259n \u00fcmumi ola bil\u0259r \u2013 bu zaman \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k pill\u0259si olacaq. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259d\u0259 v\u0259 ya n\u0259qliyyatda \u00abV\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f!\u00bb \u2013 dey\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t oluna bil\u0259r; m\u00fcraci\u0259t eyni zamanda f\u0259rdi-\u015f\u0259xsi ola bil\u0259r, bu m\u00fcraci\u0259t is\u0259 qeyri-r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 (adi dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qda, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259) m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Aynu\u015f! (Aynur) \u2013 (ana q\u0131z\u0131na deyir). B\u0259s m\u00fcraci\u0259t n\u0259dir? Yuxar\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi kimi, m\u00fcraci\u0259t nitqin istiqam\u0259tl\u0259ndiyi obyektdir. Dem\u0259li, m\u00fcraci\u0259tin spesifik x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, o, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb edir, eyni zamanda onu adland\u0131r\u0131r. Bel\u0259c\u0259, insanlar nitq \u0259laq\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olurlar.
\nN.\u0130.Formanovskaya dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n iki nitq f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131 (adresat\u0131) adland\u0131rmaq v\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaq (\u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f). T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, bir \u00e7ox dill\u0259rd\u0259 (m\u0259s: Ukrayna, bolqar v\u0259 dig\u0259r slavyan dill\u0259rind\u0259) m\u00fcraci\u0259ti formala\u015fd\u0131ran \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f hal\u0131 deyil\u0259n x\u00fcsusi qrammatik vasit\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. Nitqimizd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t x\u00fcsusi \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7i il\u0259 deyil, yaln\u0131z intonasiya, b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 frazada yerin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilir. D\u00fczd\u00fcr, b\u0259zi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, ismin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f hal\u0131n\u0131 xat\u0131rladan m\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 var. Bu, s\u00f6z\u00fcn son \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7isinin ixtisar\u0131, d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcn t\u0259krar\u0131 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. M\u0259s: Mehri! (Mehriban!), C\u0259mi\u015f! (C\u0259mil\u0259!), Eli\u015f! (El\u015f\u0259n!), Murad, a Murad!, Leyla, a Leyla! v\u0259 s. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bunu hal adland\u0131rmaq d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnki hal qrammatik formad\u0131r, \u0259\u015fya, hadis\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259ri adland\u0131ran s\u00f6zl\u0259rin aras\u0131nda bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0259ks etdirir, bu \u00fcsluba t\u0259sir ed\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Amma g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 yaln\u0131z dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q \u00fcslubunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, y\u0259ni qeyri-r\u0259smi, qeyri-m\u0259cburi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. H\u0259m d\u0259 bu forma yaln\u0131z m\u0259hdud s\u00f6z qruplar\u0131nda, \u0259sas\u0259n x\u00fcsusi adlar v\u0259 qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u015eifahi nitqd\u0259 bu, ad il\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdikd\u0259 t\u0259zah\u00fcr edir v\u0259 h\u0259tta \u015fifahi nitq normas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcraci\u0259t zaman\u0131, qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, x\u00fcsusi intonasiya olur, bu intonasiya dig\u0259r nitq etiketi ifad\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 hiss olunur. Daha d\u0259qiq des\u0259k, bu, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f intonasiyas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u0130kinci x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, m\u00fcraci\u0259t yaln\u0131z \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131r, eyni zamanda obyekti adland\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f (apelyativ) funksiyas\u0131 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259n\u0259n nitq pozisiyas\u0131nda onun rolu il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131rsa, adland\u0131rma (kontativ) funksiyas\u0131 n\u0259zak\u0259tlilikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00abY\u0259ni m\u00fcraci\u0259ti kim\u0259 kim hans\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 edir, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259r hans\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259dir\u00bb. M\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 ist\u0259nil\u0259n bir m\u0259tnin dilini \u015fifahi nitq\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131ra da bil\u0259r, r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259 d\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\nDinl\u0259yicid\u0259 bilavasit\u0259 t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcrat yaratmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nitqin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda m\u00fcraci\u0259t\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. Sad\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t bu m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 nail olma\u011fa bir o q\u0259d\u0259r imkan vermir. H\u0259r hans\u0131 bir m\u00fcraci\u0259tin m\u0259qs\u0259dsiz v\u0259 ya yersiz i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si h\u0259tta b\u0259z\u0259n m\u0259nfi effekt (n\u0259tic\u0259) d\u0259 ver\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\nM\u00fcraci\u0259t nitqd\u0259 emosional t\u0259sir vasit\u0259sidir. \u0130nformasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259rinin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 artd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n \u015fifahi dilin, yaxud dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dilinin i\u015fl\u0259kliyi y\u00fcks\u0259lir. \u018fg\u0259r bir zamanlar Az\u0259rbaycan dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dili Az\u0259rbaycan yaz\u0131 dilinin t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131sa, bu g\u00fcn \u0259ksin\u0259dir: dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dili yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyildir ki, h\u0259r hans\u0131 informasiya, ad\u0259t\u0259n, m\u0259tbuat s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmam\u0131\u015fdan \u0259vv\u0259l radioda, televiziyada, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif xarakterli, miqyasl\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131ncaqlarda v\u0259 s. (\u00e7ox zaman m\u0259hz birinci \u015f\u0259xsin dilind\u0259n) s\u0259sl\u0259nir. Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan radiolar\u0131n, televiziyalar\u0131n say\u0131 bu dild\u0259 yazan q\u0259zetl\u0259rin, jurnallar\u0131n say\u0131n\u0131 ke\u00e7m\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, etiraf etm\u0259liyik ki, dinl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259rin auditoriyas\u0131 oxuyanlar\u0131n auditoriyas\u0131ndan \u00e7ox-\u00e7ox geni\u015fdir.Nitq dilin qanunlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda yarad\u0131l\u0131r, dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n, yazan\u0131n h\u0259min dil\u0259 n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259 bacar\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir. Nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 maraq son zamanlar \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t probleml\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259tin artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti davran\u0131\u015f etiketin\u0259 xidm\u0259t edir v\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin geni\u015f stereotipl\u0259r sah\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil edir.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti dar m\u0259nada nitq davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milli spesifik qaydalar\u0131d\u0131r ki, bunlar da h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259laq\u0259y\u0259 girm\u0259 v\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t \u015f\u0259raitin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq se\u00e7ilmi\u015f formada \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 qo\u015fulma situasiyalar\u0131nda t\u0259tbiq olunur.
\nM\u0259zmunlu m\u0259lumat m\u00fcbadil\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olmazdan \u0259vv\u0259l, y\u0259ni \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l, insan h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir vasit\u0259 il\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 daxil olmal\u0131, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259li, ona m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259lidir. Nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaraq, m\u0259hz bu \u0259laq\u0259yarad\u0131c\u0131 funksiyan\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirir, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 \u00f6z m\u00f6vqeyini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir. Nitq etiketl\u0259rinin vahidl\u0259rinin t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n kontakt yaratma situasiyalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca yeri h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t, onun nitqini c\u0259lb etm\u0259 tutur.
\nH\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t situasiyas\u0131nda iki aspekti ay\u0131rmaq olar: 1) qeyri-tan\u0131\u015f adamlara m\u00fcraci\u0259t v\u0259 2) tan\u0131\u015f adamlara m\u00fcraci\u0259t (buraya az tan\u0131\u015f olan adamlardan \u00e7ox yax\u0131n adamlara q\u0259d\u0259r daxildir). Bu iki qrup \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nitq etiketi formalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259cmusu kimi, dialoq qurulu\u015funun spesifikliyi d\u0259 f\u0259rqlidir. Birinci hal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir qayda olaraq \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t + m\u0259lumat hiss\u0259sini (sual, xahi\u015f, m\u0259lumat v\u0259 s.), cavab v\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan l\u00fctfkarl\u0131q m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n minimal dialoq xarakterikdir.
\n\u0130kinci hal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu imkandan \u0259lav\u0259, m\u00fcraci\u0259tin arxas\u0131nca kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r uzun informasiya hiss\u0259si g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, bu da b\u0259z\u0259n monoloqa \u00e7evril\u0259 bilir. M\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil v\u0259 as\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r f\u0259rql\u0259ndiril\u0259 bil\u0259r. M\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r vokativ funksiya \u2013 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lbetm\u0259 funksiyas\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirir. M\u00fcraci\u0259t dialoji vahidin ilkin replikas\u0131 kimi daha \u00e7ox \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edir. As\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c m\u00f6vqed\u0259 olmad\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259 tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 n\u0259zak\u0259tlilik ver\u0259 bil\u0259r v\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n onlar qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirici rolunu oynay\u0131r.
\nEl\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr olunur ki, kiminl\u0259s\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmaqdan, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t ba\u011flamaqdan t\u0259bii v\u0259 asan bir \u015fey yoxdur. Amma bizim g\u00fcnd\u0259lik m\u0259i\u015f\u0259timiz s\u00fcbut edir ki, biz h\u0259rd\u0259n \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t saxlaya bilmirik, ya da bunu kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u015f\u0131 etmirik.
\n\u00dcnsiyy\u0259t \u0259n az\u0131 iki n\u0259f\u0259rin m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b f\u0259aliyy\u0259tidir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259sl \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin ilkin \u015f\u0259rti dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6z \u015f\u0259xsi maraqlar\u0131n\u0131, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259, onun x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259batlar\u0131na diqq\u0259tini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u00abM\u00fcraci\u0259t \u2013 rabit\u0259li nitqin elementl\u0259rind\u0259n biridir v\u0259 m\u0259ntiq\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq o, bu v\u0259 ya ba\u015fqa halda nitq m\u00fchiti il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r\u00bb [1, 87]. H\u0259r hans\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259qamlar\u0131 bir s\u0131ra x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r:
\n1) M\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259nl\u0259 adresat\u0131n aras\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (qohumlu\u011fun) m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu v\u0259 ya qeyri-m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu;
\n2) Adresat\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nisb\u0259ti;
\n3) Dan\u0131\u015fana nisb\u0259t\u0259n adresat\u0131n sosial v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti;
\n4) Adresat\u0131n pe\u015f\u0259si, m\u0259\u015f\u011fuliyy\u0259ti;
\n5) Veril\u0259n situasiyada m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259nin funksiyas\u0131;
\n6) Adresat\u0131n verilmi\u015f situasiyada \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan v\u0259 ya \u0259vv\u0259lki t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fana m\u0259lum olan \u015f\u0259xsi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri;
\n7) Emosional t\u0259sir obyekti kimi adresat\u0131n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri (\u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri) v\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si v\u0259 s.
\nBiz qeyd etdik ki, m\u00fcraci\u0259t \u0259n parlaq etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. \u00abEtiket frans\u0131z, etika is\u0259 lat\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fc frans\u0131z dilind\u0259 iki m\u0259nadad\u0131r: a) yarl\u0131q, etiket, yaz\u0131; b) m\u0259rasim. Etika s\u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 lat\u0131n dilind\u0259 iki m\u0259nadad\u0131r: a) ictimai \u015f\u00fcur formalar\u0131ndan biri kimi \u0259xlaq, t\u0259rbiy\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259viyyat haqq\u0131nda f\u0259ls\u0259fi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259; b) h\u0259r hans\u0131 sinfin, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin v\u0259 ictimai t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n \u0259xlaq qaydalar\u0131\u00bb [2, 33].
\n\u00abEtiket s\u00f6z\u00fc holland dilind\u0259, \u0259sas\u0259n, payc\u0131q m\u0259nas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259dilir. Payc\u0131q \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 mal\u0131n, eksponat\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 yap\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ka\u011f\u0131z, sonralar yaz\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc m\u0259nas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259dilmi\u015fdir. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn yaz\u0131 m\u0259nas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda m\u0259rasimi m\u0259na yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u00bb [3, 125]. \u0130ndi etiket s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n h\u0259m yarl\u0131q, h\u0259m d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q formas\u0131 m\u0259nas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edilir. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fc yarl\u0131q m\u0259nas\u0131nda ilkin dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q formas\u0131nda is\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259dir. Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etiketi dey\u0259nd\u0259 insanlar\u0131n zahir\u0259n bir-birin\u0259 olan m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0259xlaq qaydalar\u0131n\u0131n toplusu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dem\u0259li, biz h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259ti \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rark\u0259n ona \u015f\u0259rait\u0259 uy\u011fun daha m\u00fcvafiq yarl\u0131q se\u00e7mi\u015f oluruq. T\u0259bii ki, bu zaman cins, ya\u015f, s\u0259n\u0259t, pe\u015f\u0259 m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 ya k\u0259nd m\u00fchiti d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, b\u00fct\u00f6v nitq etiketi kimi m\u00fcraci\u0259timiz d\u0259 milli x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fai\u0259t olunur ki, bu da \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, ad\u0259t\u0259n, \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259 m\u0259nims\u0259nilir.
\nM\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imind\u0259ki \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259ri aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n tan\u0131\u015f v\u0259 ya qeyri-tan\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131q d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq m\u00fcraci\u0259t v\u0259 bu, n\u00f6vb\u0259ti s\u00fcjet x\u0259ttin\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259sir edir. \u00c7\u00fcnki biz tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insanla daha formal v\u0259 daha az m\u00fcdd\u0259tli \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 oluruq. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Yolda\u015f, avtobus dayanaca\u011f\u0131 haradad\u0131r? Siz n\u00f6vb\u0259ti dayanacaqda d\u00fc\u015f\u0259c\u0259ksinizmi? Z\u0259hm\u0259t olmasa, yer verin v\u0259 s.
\nQ\u0131sa s\u00f6hb\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn biz\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n f\u0259rdi \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 vacib deyildir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 biz \u00e7ox zaman \u0259laq\u0259y\u0259 gir\u0259rk\u0259n \u0259n \u00fcmumi n\u0259zak\u0259tlilik ifad\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r\u0131q: \u00abBa\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131n\u00bb, \u00ab\u00dczr ist\u0259yir\u0259m\u00bb, \u00ab\u0130caz\u0259nizl\u0259\u00bb, \u00abRica edir\u0259m\u00bb v\u0259 s. T\u0259bii ki, burada bir q\u0259d\u0259r ya\u015fl\u0131, ziyal\u0131 bir insana m\u00fcraci\u0259t olundu\u011fu g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. (\u00abXahi\u015f edir\u0259m\u00bb, \u00abZ\u0259hm\u0259t olmasa\u00bb, \u00abDey\u0259 bil\u0259rsinizmi\u2026\u00bb v\u0259 s.).
\n\u00dcmumi\u015fl\u0259k m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n cins v\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259nl\u0259ri var: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, cavan o\u011flan!, g\u00f6z\u0259l q\u0131z! v\u0259 s.
\n\u00dcmumi\u015fl\u0259k m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lanlar\u0131 qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rdir ki, onlar h\u0259tta b\u0259z\u0259n tan\u0131\u015f olmayan insanlara da m\u00fcraci\u0259t edil\u0259rk\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur (qarda\u015f, bac\u0131, xala, day\u0131, \u0259mi, ana, ata, n\u0259n\u0259, baba, o\u011ful, b\u0259z\u0259n qoca, a\u011fsaqqal, dost v\u0259 s.). M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: N\u0259 olar o\u011flum, qoy g\u0259lsin, g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 yeri var [4, 73]. Ana, g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u0259n ki, Fir\u0259ngiz g\u0259lm\u0259k ist\u0259mir [4, 141]. \u018fmio\u011flu, ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u00fc burdasan? [5, 69]
\nBiz\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olan adamlara etdiyimiz m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259 m\u0259lum olur ki, bu s\u00f6zl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259r v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi adlard\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: Feyzulla, atam, qarda\u015f\u0131m, – dey\u0259 sakit v\u0259 t\u0259mkinl\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131, – \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 yaz\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u0259lmir, biz\u0259 g\u0259lsin [6, 29]. Ax\u0131, S\u0259kin\u0259 bac\u0131, siz o q\u0131z\u0131n yerin\u0259 deyilsiz, m\u0259n sizi t\u0259svir el\u0259m\u0259mi\u015f\u0259m [6, 46]. Dost, g\u0259l s\u0259ninl\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q dan\u0131\u015faq [7, 41].G\u00fcls\u00fcm bac\u0131, bir o radionu dindir g\u00f6r\u0259k, konsert vaxt\u0131d\u0131r [7, 69].
\nB\u0259z\u0259n bel\u0259 s\u00f6zl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259zizl\u0259m\u0259, ki\u00e7iltm\u0259 bildir\u0259n \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7il\u0259r d\u0259 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: anacan, balacan, k\u00f6rp\u0259ciy\u0259z, ana\u015f, ata\u015f, Kam\u0131\u015f (K\u0259mal\u0259), C\u0259mi\u015f (C\u0259mil\u0259), Naz\u0131 (Nazil\u0259, Nazl\u0131, N\u0259zak\u0259t). B\u0259z\u0259n \u0259zizl\u0259m\u0259 bildir\u0259n x\u00fcsusi ifad\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n,
\nQa\u015flar\u0131n qurar divan\u0131,
\nTaxtdan salar S\u00fcleyman\u0131.
\nX\u0259st\u0259 Qas\u0131m\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131
\nAl, ba\u015f\u0131na doland\u0131\u011f\u0131m. [8, 83]<\/p>\n
Ey g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f camall\u0131m, s\u0259n n\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259ls\u0259n,
\n\u0130st\u0259s\u0259n ki, t\u0259n\u0259 Aya q\u0131lasan.
\nAhu g\u00f6zl\u00fcm, h\u0259r bir q\u0131ya baxanda
\nBir \u00f6rk\u00fc sal\u0131rsan, ay aqil\u0259s\u0259n. [8, 459]<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dilind\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda neqativ m\u00fcnasib\u0259t bildir\u0259n ifad\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259 rast g\u0259linir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n:
\n Niyaz: S\u0259sini k\u0259s, itin balas\u0131, vurram di\u015fl\u0259rin t\u00f6k\u00fcl\u0259r qarnuva [9, 39]. \u015e\u0259r\u0259ban\u0131: K\u00f6p\u0259k o\u011flu, qol\u00e7omaq k\u00f6p\u0259k o\u011flu, burda da ist\u0259yirs\u0259n m\u0259ni d\u0259stimar el\u0259y\u0259s\u0259n, g\u00fcc ver deyir\u0259m s\u0259n\u0259 [9, 41] \u0130mamyar: N\u0259 olmu\u015fdur ax\u0131, ay gic o\u011flu gic?… [9, 44]. Niyaz: Oxu, zal\u0131m\u0131n q\u0131z\u0131! \u0130gidin s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u0131nmaqdansa, nam\u0259rdin beli s\u0131ns\u0131n [9, 63].
\nPasport ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t b\u0259z\u0259n \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 r\u0259smi ton verir, s\u00f6hb\u0259tin ciddiliyini bildirir, h\u0259tta dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n naraz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bilir.
\nG\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z adama m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259rk\u0259n biz el\u0259 bir ifad\u0259 vasit\u0259si se\u00e7irik ki, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin xarakterind\u0259n, \u015f\u0259raitin r\u0259smi v\u0259 qeyri-r\u0259smiliyind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar m\u00fcvafiq m\u0259qamda \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259batlar\u0131na daha \u00e7ox uy\u011fun g\u0259lsin.
\nBiz tan\u0131\u015flara dost, qohum, h\u0259mkar v\u0259 yaxud yoldan \u00f6t\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259rk\u0259n sanki \u00e7ox m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b musiqi al\u0259tind\u0259 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f oluruq. Bu zaman r\u0259ngar\u0259ng, m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 nitq \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t registrini daxil edir, bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r tonu se\u00e7irik. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ny\u00fcans bollu\u011fu m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r yarad\u0131r.
\nY\u00fcks\u0259k nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r bir az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 do\u011fma dilinin l\u00fc\u011f\u0259t t\u0259rkibin\u0259, xalq\u0131n s\u00f6z x\u0259zin\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259l\u0259d olmal\u0131, \u0259d\u0259bi dil normalar\u0131n\u0131, qanun v\u0259 qanunauy\u011funluqlar\u0131 bilm\u0259lidir. Ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin y\u00fcks\u0259k f\u0259rdi nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fcmumi dil m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ndirir. Xalq\u0131n \u00fcmumi dil m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin inki\u015faf\u0131, n\u0259zak\u0259tli \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rinin ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259si nitqin l\u00fczumsuz al\u0131nmalardan, t\u0259hqiramiz s\u00f6z, ifad\u0259 v\u0259 c\u00fcml\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, nitqin ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na t\u0259minat verir.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etikas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t qaydalar\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. H\u0259r bir adam ictimai yerl\u0259rd\u0259, kollektivd\u0259 v\u0259 ail\u0259d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etikas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259li v\u0259 kim\u0259 nec\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259k qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 bilm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n
Eminli B\u00d6Y\u00dcKXANIM.
\n\u201cAz\u0259rbaycan dili v\u0259 T\u00fcrkologiya\u201d kafedras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llimi.
\nB.\u0130.Eminli
\nSumqay\u0131t D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universiteti,
\nAz\u0259rbaycan dili v\u0259 t\u00fcrkologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llimi<\/p>\n
M\u00dcRAC\u0130\u018fT FORMALARININ SE\u00c7\u0130LM\u018f T\u018fL\u018fBL\u018fR\u0130<\/p>\n
A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131, etiket, xitab, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t<\/p>\n
\u00abDil \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t vasit\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn apar\u0131c\u0131 yerini qoruyub saxlay\u0131r v\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 d\u0259 saxlayacaq. O, ifad\u0259 olunas\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r insanlara \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131las\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ist\u0259nil\u0259n m\u0259zmunu ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259ti olan informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sinin \u00f6z imkanlar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259n z\u0259ngin vasit\u0259sidir. Dil fikrin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn formala\u015fmas\u0131 kimi \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edir, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 dil \u00fcnsiyy\u0259ti digb\u0259r informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si formalar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 n\u00f6vl\u0259rinin \u0259sas\u0131nda dayan\u0131r.
\nT\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyil ki, insan\u0131n m\u00fcsb\u0259t keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 onun ayd\u0131n v\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00abH\u0259r bir insan \u00f6z dilinin arxas\u0131nda giz\u0259lnmi\u015fdir\u00bb. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq\u0259 malik olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259bii ki, g\u00f6z\u0259l natiq do\u011fulmaq laz\u0131m deyil. Sad\u0259c\u0259, kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r ictimai-siyasi, elmi biliy\u0259 v\u0259 z\u0259ngin s\u00f6z ehtiyat\u0131na sahib olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. \u018fn ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 is\u0259 N\u0259 dem\u0259k? Nec\u0259 dem\u0259k? Harada dem\u0259k? prinsipin\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u0259m\u0259l etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. M.T.Siseron yaz\u0131r ki, \u015fairl\u0259r anadan \u015fair do\u011fulurlar, natiql\u0259r is\u0259 ictimai-siyasi h\u0259yatda sonradan yeti\u015firl\u0259r.
\nM.T.Siseron bunu da qeyd edir ki, xeyirxah olan \u015f\u0259xs h\u0259r \u015fey\u0259 qadirdir. Kim g\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa, o b\u00fct\u00fcn xeyirxah c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdirir v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00fcdrikdir. H\u0259qiqi natiq \u00f6z m\u00fcdrikliyi \u2026 il\u0259 t\u0259kc\u0259 n\u00fcfuz qazanm\u0131r, h\u0259m d\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259nda\u015flara, d\u00f6vl\u0259t\u0259 fayda verir, u\u011furlar g\u0259tirir, s\u0259ad\u0259t ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131r.
\nT\u0259biidir ki, g\u00f6z\u0259l nitq, r\u0259van dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q auditoriya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maraql\u0131 m\u00f6vzunun se\u00e7ilm\u0259sind\u0259n, nitqd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259dil\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rin ah\u0259ngdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259nin \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tind\u0259n, h\u0259tta zahiri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u0259n v\u0259 s. as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq qabiliyy\u0259tin\u0259, nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 malik olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r s\u00f6z ehtiyat\u0131na, geni\u015f d\u00fcnyag\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259, yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131na, istedada, ciddi s\u0259y\u0259 malik olmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l nitq dinl\u0259yicinin q\u0259lbini f\u0259th edir, onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr, n\u0259tic\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarma\u011fa vadar edir.
\nDinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259t\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259nin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 3 v\u0259zif\u0259 qoyulur: a) dinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k; b) diqq\u0259ti nitqd\u0259 ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u2013 dinl\u0259yiciy\u0259 psixoloji t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259min yaratmaq; c) dinl\u0259yicini h\u0259y\u0259canland\u0131rmaq, onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u0259y\u0259 s\u00f6vq etm\u0259k.
\nNitqin n\u00f6vl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k d\u0259 dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u0259l dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q, nec\u0259 dey\u0259rl\u0259r, m\u0259qam\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259lidir. Natiq dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin h\u0259tta ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131, v\u0259zif\u0259sini, c\u0259miyy\u0259td\u0259ki m\u00f6vqeyini, vaxt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oxlu\u011funu, yaxud azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almal\u0131d\u0131r. Dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r \u00abm\u00fcharib\u0259 v\u0259 ya dinc quruculuq d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131rlar?\u00bb sual\u0131 da natiq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn maraql\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nNitqin u\u011furlu al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ikinci \u0259sas \u015f\u0259rt dinl\u0259yicidir. \u00c7\u00fcnki natiqin s\u0259n\u0259tini, m\u0259har\u0259tini d\u00fczg\u00fcn qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndir\u0259n m\u0259hz dinl\u0259yici auditoriyas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitqin m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tini t\u0259min ed\u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131ca amill\u0259rd\u0259n biri d\u0259 natiqlik priyomlar\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar kompleks t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259nd\u0259 dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 xo\u015f t\u0259sir ba\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131r v\u0259 \u00abestetik qida\u00bb verir. \u00ab\u0130nsan e\u015fitdiyi s\u00f6z\u00fcn natiqin\u0259 bax\u0131b h\u0259m\u0259n s\u00f6z\u00fc q\u0259bul ed\u0259r\u00bb (M.S.Ordubadi). Natiqlik priyomlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259zil\u0259ri nitqin b\u00fct\u00f6v kompozisiyas\u0131 il\u0259, bir qismi is\u0259 yaln\u0131z giri\u015f v\u0259 ya finalla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Giri\u015fl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan priyomlar dinl\u0259yicil\u0259rin diqq\u0259tini \u0259l\u0259 almaq, \u0259sas m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259y\u0259 y\u00f6n\u0259ltm\u0259k v\u0259 sakitlik yaratmaq m\u0259qs\u0259di da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.
\nNitq dinl\u0259yicil\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u00abNec\u0259 ba\u015flamal\u0131?\u00bb sual\u0131 \u0259n t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259li natiql\u0259ri bel\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnki bir s\u0131ra hallarda natiqin \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259d\u0259n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00abgiri\u015f\u00bb auditoriyan\u0131n real v\u0259ziyy\u0259tin\u0259 uy\u011fun g\u0259lmir.
\nDinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259k d\u0259 nitq s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259ni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u0259n m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259ndir. T\u0259bii ki, nitqin \u0259vv\u0259lind\u0259 edil\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259td\u0259n v\u0259 onun formalar\u0131ndan \u00e7ox \u015fey as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131 ist\u0259nil\u0259n \u015fifahi v\u0259 yaz\u0131l\u0131 nitqd\u0259 dinl\u0259yicinin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir vasit\u0259, sonrak\u0131 m\u0259tn\u0259 ke\u00e7id \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, m\u00fckalim\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir a\u00e7ar rolunu oynay\u0131r. Bu zaman \u0259sas postulatlardan biri odur ki, kim m\u00fcraci\u0259t edir v\u0259 kim\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t edilir?
\nH\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t \u0259n parlaq, \u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir, \u00e7\u00fcnki biz insan\u0131 ya sosial roluna, ya f\u0259rdi \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259, ya ona olan \u015f\u0259xsi m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rimiz\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r formada adland\u0131r\u0131r\u0131q. Bel\u0259 etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi \u0259n \u00fcmumi ola bil\u0259r \u2013 bu zaman \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin \u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k pill\u0259si olacaq. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u0259d\u0259 v\u0259 ya n\u0259qliyyatda \u00abV\u0259t\u0259nda\u015f!\u00bb \u2013 dey\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t oluna bil\u0259r; m\u00fcraci\u0259t eyni zamanda f\u0259rdi-\u015f\u0259xsi ola bil\u0259r, bu m\u00fcraci\u0259t is\u0259 qeyri-r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 (adi dan\u0131\u015f\u0131qda, m\u0259i\u015f\u0259td\u0259) m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Aynu\u015f! (Aynur) \u2013 (ana q\u0131z\u0131na deyir). B\u0259s m\u00fcraci\u0259t n\u0259dir? Yuxar\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi kimi, m\u00fcraci\u0259t nitqin istiqam\u0259tl\u0259ndiyi obyektdir. Dem\u0259li, m\u00fcraci\u0259tin spesifik x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti h\u0259r \u015feyd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, o, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb edir, eyni zamanda onu adland\u0131r\u0131r. Bel\u0259c\u0259, insanlar nitq \u0259laq\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olurlar.
\nN.\u0130.Formanovskaya dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n iki nitq f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131 (adresat\u0131) adland\u0131rmaq v\u0259 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaq (\u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f). T\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, bir \u00e7ox dill\u0259rd\u0259 (m\u0259s: Ukrayna, bolqar v\u0259 dig\u0259r slavyan dill\u0259rind\u0259) m\u00fcraci\u0259ti formala\u015fd\u0131ran \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f hal\u0131 deyil\u0259n x\u00fcsusi qrammatik vasit\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vcuddur. Nitqimizd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t x\u00fcsusi \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7i il\u0259 deyil, yaln\u0131z intonasiya, b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 frazada yerin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilir. D\u00fczd\u00fcr, b\u0259zi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n fikrinc\u0259, ismin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f hal\u0131n\u0131 xat\u0131rladan m\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 var. Bu, s\u00f6z\u00fcn son \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7isinin ixtisar\u0131, d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si v\u0259 s\u00f6z\u00fcn t\u0259krar\u0131 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. M\u0259s: Mehri! (Mehriban!), C\u0259mi\u015f! (C\u0259mil\u0259!), Eli\u015f! (El\u015f\u0259n!), Murad, a Murad!, Leyla, a Leyla! v\u0259 s. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bunu hal adland\u0131rmaq d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnki hal qrammatik formad\u0131r, \u0259\u015fya, hadis\u0259 v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259ri adland\u0131ran s\u00f6zl\u0259rin aras\u0131nda bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri \u0259ks etdirir, bu \u00fcsluba t\u0259sir ed\u0259 bilm\u0259z. Amma g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 yaln\u0131z dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q \u00fcslubunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, y\u0259ni qeyri-r\u0259smi, qeyri-m\u0259cburi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur. H\u0259m d\u0259 bu forma yaln\u0131z m\u0259hdud s\u00f6z qruplar\u0131nda, \u0259sas\u0259n x\u00fcsusi adlar v\u0259 qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. \u015eifahi nitqd\u0259 bu, ad il\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etdikd\u0259 t\u0259zah\u00fcr edir v\u0259 h\u0259tta \u015fifahi nitq normas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcraci\u0259t zaman\u0131, qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, x\u00fcsusi intonasiya olur, bu intonasiya dig\u0259r nitq etiketi ifad\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259 hiss olunur. Daha d\u0259qiq des\u0259k, bu, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f intonasiyas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u0130kinci x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, m\u00fcraci\u0259t yaln\u0131z \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131r, eyni zamanda obyekti adland\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f (apelyativ) funksiyas\u0131 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 istiqam\u0259tl\u0259n\u0259n nitq pozisiyas\u0131nda onun rolu il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131rsa, adland\u0131rma (kontativ) funksiyas\u0131 n\u0259zak\u0259tlilikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00abY\u0259ni m\u00fcraci\u0259ti kim\u0259 kim hans\u0131 \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 edir, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259r hans\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259dir\u00bb. M\u00fcraci\u0259t formas\u0131 ist\u0259nil\u0259n bir m\u0259tnin dilini \u015fifahi nitq\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131ra da bil\u0259r, r\u0259smi \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259 d\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\nDinl\u0259yicid\u0259 bilavasit\u0259 t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcrat yaratmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nitqin ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c\u0131nda m\u00fcraci\u0259t\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r. Sad\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t bu m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259 nail olma\u011fa bir o q\u0259d\u0259r imkan vermir. H\u0259r hans\u0131 bir m\u00fcraci\u0259tin m\u0259qs\u0259dsiz v\u0259 ya yersiz i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si h\u0259tta b\u0259z\u0259n m\u0259nfi effekt (n\u0259tic\u0259) d\u0259 ver\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\nM\u00fcraci\u0259t nitqd\u0259 emosional t\u0259sir vasit\u0259sidir. \u0130nformasiya vasit\u0259l\u0259rinin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 artd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 nisb\u0259t\u0259n \u015fifahi dilin, yaxud dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dilinin i\u015fl\u0259kliyi y\u00fcks\u0259lir. \u018fg\u0259r bir zamanlar Az\u0259rbaycan dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dili Az\u0259rbaycan yaz\u0131 dilinin t\u0259sirin\u0259 m\u0259ruz qal\u0131rd\u0131sa, bu g\u00fcn \u0259ksin\u0259dir: dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dili yaz\u0131 dilin\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rir. T\u0259sad\u00fcfi deyildir ki, h\u0259r hans\u0131 informasiya, ad\u0259t\u0259n, m\u0259tbuat s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xmam\u0131\u015fdan \u0259vv\u0259l radioda, televiziyada, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif xarakterli, miqyasl\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131ncaqlarda v\u0259 s. (\u00e7ox zaman m\u0259hz birinci \u015f\u0259xsin dilind\u0259n) s\u0259sl\u0259nir. Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan radiolar\u0131n, televiziyalar\u0131n say\u0131 bu dild\u0259 yazan q\u0259zetl\u0259rin, jurnallar\u0131n say\u0131n\u0131 ke\u00e7m\u0259s\u0259 d\u0259, etiraf etm\u0259liyik ki, dinl\u0259y\u0259nl\u0259rin auditoriyas\u0131 oxuyanlar\u0131n auditoriyas\u0131ndan \u00e7ox-\u00e7ox geni\u015fdir.Nitq dilin qanunlar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda yarad\u0131l\u0131r, dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n, yazan\u0131n h\u0259min dil\u0259 n\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259 bacar\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0259ks etdirir. Nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 maraq son zamanlar \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t probleml\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259tin artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti davran\u0131\u015f etiketin\u0259 xidm\u0259t edir v\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin geni\u015f stereotipl\u0259r sah\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil edir.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti dar m\u0259nada nitq davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n milli spesifik qaydalar\u0131d\u0131r ki, bunlar da h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259laq\u0259y\u0259 girm\u0259 v\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t \u015f\u0259raitin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq se\u00e7ilmi\u015f formada \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 qo\u015fulma situasiyalar\u0131nda t\u0259tbiq olunur.
\nM\u0259zmunlu m\u0259lumat m\u00fcbadil\u0259sin\u0259 daxil olmazdan \u0259vv\u0259l, y\u0259ni \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l, insan h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir vasit\u0259 il\u0259 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 daxil olmal\u0131, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etm\u0259li, ona m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259lidir. Nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti ba\u015fl\u0131ca olaraq, m\u0259hz bu \u0259laq\u0259yarad\u0131c\u0131 funksiyan\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirir, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259 des\u0259k, h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcnasib\u0259td\u0259 \u00f6z m\u00f6vqeyini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir. Nitq etiketl\u0259rinin vahidl\u0259rinin t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n kontakt yaratma situasiyalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca yeri h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t, onun nitqini c\u0259lb etm\u0259 tutur.
\nH\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t situasiyas\u0131nda iki aspekti ay\u0131rmaq olar: 1) qeyri-tan\u0131\u015f adamlara m\u00fcraci\u0259t v\u0259 2) tan\u0131\u015f adamlara m\u00fcraci\u0259t (buraya az tan\u0131\u015f olan adamlardan \u00e7ox yax\u0131n adamlara q\u0259d\u0259r daxildir). Bu iki qrup \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn nitq etiketi formalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259cmusu kimi, dialoq qurulu\u015funun spesifikliyi d\u0259 f\u0259rqlidir. Birinci hal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir qayda olaraq \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t + m\u0259lumat hiss\u0259sini (sual, xahi\u015f, m\u0259lumat v\u0259 s.), cavab v\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan l\u00fctfkarl\u0131q m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini c\u0259ml\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n minimal dialoq xarakterikdir.
\n\u0130kinci hal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu imkandan \u0259lav\u0259, m\u00fcraci\u0259tin arxas\u0131nca kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r uzun informasiya hiss\u0259si g\u0259l\u0259 bil\u0259r ki, bu da b\u0259z\u0259n monoloqa \u00e7evril\u0259 bilir. M\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil v\u0259 as\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r f\u0259rql\u0259ndiril\u0259 bil\u0259r. M\u00fcst\u0259qil m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r vokativ funksiya \u2013 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259tin diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lbetm\u0259 funksiyas\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirir. M\u00fcraci\u0259t dialoji vahidin ilkin replikas\u0131 kimi daha \u00e7ox \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edir. As\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c m\u00f6vqed\u0259 olmad\u0131qlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u00f6yl\u0259m\u0259 tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 n\u0259zak\u0259tlilik ver\u0259 bil\u0259r v\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n onlar qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirici rolunu oynay\u0131r.
\nEl\u0259 t\u0259s\u0259vv\u00fcr olunur ki, kiminl\u0259s\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fmaqdan, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t ba\u011flamaqdan t\u0259bii v\u0259 asan bir \u015fey yoxdur. Amma bizim g\u00fcnd\u0259lik m\u0259i\u015f\u0259timiz s\u00fcbut edir ki, biz h\u0259rd\u0259n \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t saxlaya bilmirik, ya da bunu kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r yax\u015f\u0131 etmirik.
\n\u00dcnsiyy\u0259t \u0259n az\u0131 iki n\u0259f\u0259rin m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b f\u0259aliyy\u0259tidir. Buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259sl \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin ilkin \u015f\u0259rti dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6z \u015f\u0259xsi maraqlar\u0131n\u0131, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259t\u0259, onun x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t v\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259batlar\u0131na diqq\u0259tini n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u00abM\u00fcraci\u0259t \u2013 rabit\u0259li nitqin elementl\u0259rind\u0259n biridir v\u0259 m\u0259ntiq\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq o, bu v\u0259 ya ba\u015fqa halda nitq m\u00fchiti il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r\u00bb [1, 87]. H\u0259r hans\u0131 m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259 m\u0259qamlar\u0131 bir s\u0131ra x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r:
\n1) M\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259nl\u0259 adresat\u0131n aras\u0131nda tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (qohumlu\u011fun) m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu v\u0259 ya qeyri-m\u00f6vcudlu\u011fu;
\n2) Adresat\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 il\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nisb\u0259ti;
\n3) Dan\u0131\u015fana nisb\u0259t\u0259n adresat\u0131n sosial v\u0259ziyy\u0259ti;
\n4) Adresat\u0131n pe\u015f\u0259si, m\u0259\u015f\u011fuliyy\u0259ti;
\n5) Veril\u0259n situasiyada m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259nin funksiyas\u0131;
\n6) Adresat\u0131n verilmi\u015f situasiyada \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan v\u0259 ya \u0259vv\u0259lki t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n dan\u0131\u015fana m\u0259lum olan \u015f\u0259xsi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri;
\n7) Emosional t\u0259sir obyekti kimi adresat\u0131n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri (\u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri) v\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n qiym\u0259tl\u0259ndirilm\u0259si v\u0259 s.
\nBiz qeyd etdik ki, m\u00fcraci\u0259t \u0259n parlaq etiket g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. \u00abEtiket frans\u0131z, etika is\u0259 lat\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fc frans\u0131z dilind\u0259 iki m\u0259nadad\u0131r: a) yarl\u0131q, etiket, yaz\u0131; b) m\u0259rasim. Etika s\u00f6z\u00fc d\u0259 lat\u0131n dilind\u0259 iki m\u0259nadad\u0131r: a) ictimai \u015f\u00fcur formalar\u0131ndan biri kimi \u0259xlaq, t\u0259rbiy\u0259 v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259viyyat haqq\u0131nda f\u0259ls\u0259fi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259; b) h\u0259r hans\u0131 sinfin, c\u0259miyy\u0259tin v\u0259 ictimai t\u0259\u015fkilatlar\u0131n \u0259xlaq qaydalar\u0131\u00bb [2, 33].
\n\u00abEtiket s\u00f6z\u00fc holland dilind\u0259, \u0259sas\u0259n, payc\u0131q m\u0259nas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259dilir. Payc\u0131q \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 mal\u0131n, eksponat\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 yap\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ka\u011f\u0131z, sonralar yaz\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc m\u0259nas\u0131nda i\u015fl\u0259dilmi\u015fdir. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn yaz\u0131 m\u0259nas\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda m\u0259rasimi m\u0259na yaranm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u00bb [3, 125]. \u0130ndi etiket s\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259n h\u0259m yarl\u0131q, h\u0259m d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q formas\u0131 m\u0259nas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 edilir. Etiket s\u00f6z\u00fc yarl\u0131q m\u0259nas\u0131nda ilkin dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q formas\u0131nda is\u0259 t\u00f6r\u0259m\u0259dir. Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etiketi dey\u0259nd\u0259 insanlar\u0131n zahir\u0259n bir-birin\u0259 olan m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259ri, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259ti il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0259xlaq qaydalar\u0131n\u0131n toplusu ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dem\u0259li, biz h\u0259ms\u00f6hb\u0259ti \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rark\u0259n ona \u015f\u0259rait\u0259 uy\u011fun daha m\u00fcvafiq yarl\u0131q se\u00e7mi\u015f oluruq. T\u0259bii ki, bu zaman cins, ya\u015f, s\u0259n\u0259t, pe\u015f\u0259 m\u0259nsubiyy\u0259ti, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u0259h\u0259r v\u0259 ya k\u0259nd m\u00fchiti d\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, b\u00fct\u00f6v nitq etiketi kimi m\u00fcraci\u0259timiz d\u0259 milli x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rl\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fai\u0259t olunur ki, bu da \u0259cn\u0259bil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n, ad\u0259t\u0259n, \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259 m\u0259nims\u0259nilir.
\nM\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imind\u0259ki \u00e7\u0259tinlikl\u0259ri aradan qald\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n tan\u0131\u015f v\u0259 ya qeyri-tan\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 almaq laz\u0131md\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, tan\u0131\u015fl\u0131q d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq m\u00fcraci\u0259t v\u0259 bu, n\u00f6vb\u0259ti s\u00fcjet x\u0259ttin\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259sir edir. \u00c7\u00fcnki biz tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insanla daha formal v\u0259 daha az m\u00fcdd\u0259tli \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259 oluruq. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, Yolda\u015f, avtobus dayanaca\u011f\u0131 haradad\u0131r? Siz n\u00f6vb\u0259ti dayanacaqda d\u00fc\u015f\u0259c\u0259ksinizmi? Z\u0259hm\u0259t olmasa, yer verin v\u0259 s.
\nQ\u0131sa s\u00f6hb\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn biz\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n f\u0259rdi \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259ri o q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 vacib deyildir. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 biz \u00e7ox zaman \u0259laq\u0259y\u0259 gir\u0259rk\u0259n \u0259n \u00fcmumi n\u0259zak\u0259tlilik ifad\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 m\u0259hdudla\u015f\u0131r\u0131q: \u00abBa\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131n\u00bb, \u00ab\u00dczr ist\u0259yir\u0259m\u00bb, \u00ab\u0130caz\u0259nizl\u0259\u00bb, \u00abRica edir\u0259m\u00bb v\u0259 s. T\u0259bii ki, burada bir q\u0259d\u0259r ya\u015fl\u0131, ziyal\u0131 bir insana m\u00fcraci\u0259t olundu\u011fu g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. (\u00abXahi\u015f edir\u0259m\u00bb, \u00abZ\u0259hm\u0259t olmasa\u00bb, \u00abDey\u0259 bil\u0259rsinizmi\u2026\u00bb v\u0259 s.).
\n\u00dcmumi\u015fl\u0259k m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259t olunan\u0131n cins v\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259n\u0259nl\u0259ri var: m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, cavan o\u011flan!, g\u00f6z\u0259l q\u0131z! v\u0259 s.
\n\u00dcmumi\u015fl\u0259k m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n geni\u015f yay\u0131lanlar\u0131 qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259rdir ki, onlar h\u0259tta b\u0259z\u0259n tan\u0131\u015f olmayan insanlara da m\u00fcraci\u0259t edil\u0259rk\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur (qarda\u015f, bac\u0131, xala, day\u0131, \u0259mi, ana, ata, n\u0259n\u0259, baba, o\u011ful, b\u0259z\u0259n qoca, a\u011fsaqqal, dost v\u0259 s.). M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: N\u0259 olar o\u011flum, qoy g\u0259lsin, g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 yeri var [4, 73]. Ana, g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u0259n ki, Fir\u0259ngiz g\u0259lm\u0259k ist\u0259mir [4, 141]. \u018fmio\u011flu, ne\u00e7\u0259 g\u00fcnd\u00fc burdasan? [5, 69]
\nBiz\u0259 tan\u0131\u015f olan adamlara etdiyimiz m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irdikd\u0259 m\u0259lum olur ki, bu s\u00f6zl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul olunmu\u015f qohumluq bildir\u0259n s\u00f6zl\u0259r v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi adlard\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: Feyzulla, atam, qarda\u015f\u0131m, – dey\u0259 sakit v\u0259 t\u0259mkinl\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131, – \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 yaz\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u0259lmir, biz\u0259 g\u0259lsin [6, 29]. Ax\u0131, S\u0259kin\u0259 bac\u0131, siz o q\u0131z\u0131n yerin\u0259 deyilsiz, m\u0259n sizi t\u0259svir el\u0259m\u0259mi\u015f\u0259m [6, 46]. Dost, g\u0259l s\u0259ninl\u0259 a\u00e7\u0131q dan\u0131\u015faq [7, 41].G\u00fcls\u00fcm bac\u0131, bir o radionu dindir g\u00f6r\u0259k, konsert vaxt\u0131d\u0131r [7, 69].
\nB\u0259z\u0259n bel\u0259 s\u00f6zl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259zizl\u0259m\u0259, ki\u00e7iltm\u0259 bildir\u0259n \u015f\u0259kil\u00e7il\u0259r d\u0259 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n: anacan, balacan, k\u00f6rp\u0259ciy\u0259z, ana\u015f, ata\u015f, Kam\u0131\u015f (K\u0259mal\u0259), C\u0259mi\u015f (C\u0259mil\u0259), Naz\u0131 (Nazil\u0259, Nazl\u0131, N\u0259zak\u0259t). B\u0259z\u0259n \u0259zizl\u0259m\u0259 bildir\u0259n x\u00fcsusi ifad\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n,
\nQa\u015flar\u0131n qurar divan\u0131,
\nTaxtdan salar S\u00fcleyman\u0131.
\nX\u0259st\u0259 Qas\u0131m\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131
\nAl, ba\u015f\u0131na doland\u0131\u011f\u0131m. [8, 83]<\/p>\n
Ey g\u00fcn\u0259\u015f camall\u0131m, s\u0259n n\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259ls\u0259n,
\n\u0130st\u0259s\u0259n ki, t\u0259n\u0259 Aya q\u0131lasan.
\nAhu g\u00f6zl\u00fcm, h\u0259r bir q\u0131ya baxanda
\nBir \u00f6rk\u00fc sal\u0131rsan, ay aqil\u0259s\u0259n. [8, 459]<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q dilind\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda neqativ m\u00fcnasib\u0259t bildir\u0259n ifad\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 d\u0259 rast g\u0259linir. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n:
\n Niyaz: S\u0259sini k\u0259s, itin balas\u0131, vurram di\u015fl\u0259rin t\u00f6k\u00fcl\u0259r qarnuva [9, 39]. \u015e\u0259r\u0259ban\u0131: K\u00f6p\u0259k o\u011flu, qol\u00e7omaq k\u00f6p\u0259k o\u011flu, burda da ist\u0259yirs\u0259n m\u0259ni d\u0259stimar el\u0259y\u0259s\u0259n, g\u00fcc ver deyir\u0259m s\u0259n\u0259 [9, 41] \u0130mamyar: N\u0259 olmu\u015fdur ax\u0131, ay gic o\u011flu gic?… [9, 44]. Niyaz: Oxu, zal\u0131m\u0131n q\u0131z\u0131! \u0130gidin s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u0131nmaqdansa, nam\u0259rdin beli s\u0131ns\u0131n [9, 63].
\nPasport ad\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t b\u0259z\u0259n \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t\u0259 r\u0259smi ton verir, s\u00f6hb\u0259tin ciddiliyini bildirir, h\u0259tta dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n naraz\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bilir.
\nG\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z adama m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259rk\u0259n biz el\u0259 bir ifad\u0259 vasit\u0259si se\u00e7irik ki, qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259rin xarakterind\u0259n, \u015f\u0259raitin r\u0259smi v\u0259 qeyri-r\u0259smiliyind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar m\u00fcvafiq m\u0259qamda \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259batlar\u0131na daha \u00e7ox uy\u011fun g\u0259lsin.
\nBiz tan\u0131\u015flara dost, qohum, h\u0259mkar v\u0259 yaxud yoldan \u00f6t\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t ed\u0259rk\u0259n sanki \u00e7ox m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b musiqi al\u0259tind\u0259 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f oluruq. Bu zaman r\u0259ngar\u0259ng, m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 nitq \u015f\u0259raitind\u0259 bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t registrini daxil edir, bu v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r tonu se\u00e7irik. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ny\u00fcans bollu\u011fu m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259r yarad\u0131r.
\nY\u00fcks\u0259k nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r bir az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131, ilk n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 do\u011fma dilinin l\u00fc\u011f\u0259t t\u0259rkibin\u0259, xalq\u0131n s\u00f6z x\u0259zin\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259rind\u0259n b\u0259l\u0259d olmal\u0131, \u0259d\u0259bi dil normalar\u0131n\u0131, qanun v\u0259 qanunauy\u011funluqlar\u0131 bilm\u0259lidir. Ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259xsl\u0259rin y\u00fcks\u0259k f\u0259rdi nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin\u0259 yiy\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fcmumi dil m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sini \u015f\u0259rtl\u0259ndirir. Xalq\u0131n \u00fcmumi dil m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin inki\u015faf\u0131, n\u0259zak\u0259tli \u00fcnsiyy\u0259tin t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rinin ham\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n g\u00f6zl\u0259nilm\u0259si nitqin l\u00fczumsuz al\u0131nmalardan, t\u0259hqiramiz s\u00f6z, ifad\u0259 v\u0259 c\u00fcml\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259mizl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, nitqin ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na t\u0259minat verir.
\nNitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etikas\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t qaydalar\u0131 m\u00fch\u00fcm yer tutur. H\u0259r bir adam ictimai yerl\u0259rd\u0259, kollektivd\u0259 v\u0259 ail\u0259d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131q etikas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259li v\u0259 kim\u0259 nec\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259k qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 bilm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n
Eminli B\u00d6Y\u00dcKXANIM.
\n\u201cAz\u0259rbaycan dili v\u0259 T\u00fcrkologiya\u201d kafedras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llimi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
B.\u0130.Eminli Sumqay\u0131t D\u00f6vl\u0259t Universiteti, Az\u0259rbaycan dili v\u0259 t\u00fcrkologiya kafedras\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fc\u0259llimi M\u00dcRAC\u0130\u018fT FORMALARININ SE\u00c7\u0130LM\u018f T\u018fL\u018fBL\u018fR\u0130 A\u00e7ar s\u00f6zl\u0259r: nitq m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259ti, m\u00fcraci\u0259t formalar\u0131, etiket, xitab, \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t \u00abDil \u00fcnsiyy\u0259t vasit\u0259l\u0259ri s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn apar\u0131c\u0131 yerini qoruyub saxlay\u0131r v\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 d\u0259 saxlayacaq. O, ifad\u0259 olunas\u0131 v\u0259 dig\u0259r insanlara \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131las\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ist\u0259nil\u0259n m\u0259zmunu ifad\u0259 etm\u0259k qabiliyy\u0259ti olan informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sinin \u00f6z imkanlar\u0131na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pub"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1929"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1929\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1932,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1929\/revisions\/1932"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}