{"id":31588,"date":"2019-07-18T06:00:56","date_gmt":"2019-07-18T02:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=31588"},"modified":"2019-07-18T08:08:05","modified_gmt":"2019-07-18T04:08:05","slug":"t%c9%99hmin%c9%99-v%c9%99liyeva-rus-%c9%99d%c9%99biyyatinin-umumi-s%c9%99ciyy%c9%99l%c9%99rin%c9%99-xususi-n%c9%99z%c9%99r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/?p=31588","title":{"rendered":"T\u0259hmin\u0259 V\u018fL\u0130YEVA.\u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ri\u201dn\u0259 x\u00fcsusi n\u0259z\u0259r"},"content":{"rendered":"

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D\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259bi prosesin\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 XIX \u0259sr rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 Avropa v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli fikir adamlar\u0131n\u0131n diqq\u0259tini nec\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kmi\u015fdis\u0259, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu v\u0259 xalq\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dig\u0259r m\u00fct\u0259ff\u0259kirl\u0259rind\u0259 bu \u0259d\u0259bi inki\u015faf prosesini izl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 dair bir maraq oyanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259nqidi probleml\u0259rin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi h\u0259ssasl\u0131qla yana\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onun g\u00f6rk\u0259mli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rinin h\u0259yat v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin geni\u015f \u015f\u0259rhini vermi\u015f v\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rini t\u0259hlil\u0259 c\u0259lb etmi\u015fdir. O, rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 yax\u0131ndan maraqlanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 yeri g\u0259ldikc\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259bi fikrind\u0259n yararlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259dqiqi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 dair \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirdiyi m\u0259qal\u0259 v\u0259 yaz\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00f6vri m\u0259tbuatda \u2013 \u201cKafkaz\u201d, \u201cKaspi\u201d, \u201cH\u0259yat\u201d, \u201c\u0130r\u015fad\u201d, \u201cT\u0259r\u0259qqi\u201d kimi q\u0259zetl\u0259rd\u0259 v\u0259 sonradan T\u00fcrkiy\u0259 m\u0259tbuat\u0131nda d\u0259rc olunmu\u015fdur.
\n\u018fdib 1908-ci ild\u0259 T\u00fcrkiy\u0259y\u0259 m\u00fchacir\u0259t etdikd\u0259n sonra \u0130stanbul Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnununda rus dili v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 professoru kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f, \u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 tarixi\u201d kursundan d\u0259rs demi\u015fdir. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun \u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ri\u201d ad\u0131 il\u0259 \u201cSe\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201dn\u0259 (T\u0259rtib ed\u0259nl\u0259r: \u018fziz Mir\u0259hm\u0259dov, Vilay\u0259t Quliyev). Bak\u0131, \u015e\u0259rq-Q\u0259rb, 2007, 392 s.) daxil edil\u0259n bu \u0259s\u0259ri ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1932-ci ild\u0259 be\u015f m\u0259qal\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 \u201cC\u00fcmhuriyy\u0259t\u201d q\u0259zetind\u0259 d\u0259rc edilmi\u015fdir. A\u011fao\u011flu\u015f\u00fcnas alim Vilay\u0259t Quliyev \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flunun \u201cSe\u00e7ilmi\u015f \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201dn\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cizah v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259r\u201d b\u00f6lm\u0259sind\u0259 bu m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r \u0259sas\u0131nda \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259yin \u0130stanbul Universitetind\u0259 oxudu\u011fu m\u00fchazir\u0259 materiallar\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 n\u0259\u015fr\u0259 haz\u0131rlanma prosesind\u0259 m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259rin dil v\u0259 \u00fcslubunda m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259r apar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir.
\n\t\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flunun \u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ri\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00e7diyi inki\u015faf yoluna eksurs edilir v\u0259 onun ba\u015fl\u0131ca x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetirilir. Rus bl\u0131nalar\u0131 v\u0259 \u201c\u0130qor Polkun dastan\u0131\u201dn\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xmaq \u015f\u0259rtil\u0259 XVII \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r z\u0259ngin \u0259d\u0259biyyat n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 malik olmayan rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 Pu\u015fkin v\u0259 XIX \u0259sr rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin timsal\u0131nda \u0259d\u0259bi zirv\u0259y\u0259 qalx\u0131r. O, d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259bi irsin\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259c\u0259k q\u0259d\u0259r inki\u015faf tap\u0131r. B\u0259s bu i\u015f\u0131q s\u00fcr\u0259tli t\u0259r\u0259qqi nec\u0259 meydana \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131? Ola bil\u0259rmi ki, uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t sakit axan rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda f\u0131rt\u0131na nec\u0259 qopdu? Onlar bu inki\u015fafa nec\u0259 nail oldular? suallar\u0131 insan\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u0259y\u0259 bilmir. B\u0259li, rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n az zamanda qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6y\u00fck nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu da m\u00fct\u0259\u0259ssir olur. O, bu \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n m\u00f6vzu, ideya v\u0259 m\u0259zmun keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259sas\u0131nda s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir. Bel\u0259 ki, \u0259dib \u201che\u00e7 bir mill\u0259td\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat ruslarda oldu\u011fu q\u0259d\u0259r h\u0259yatla m\u00fcvazi bir sur\u0259td\u0259 y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u0259mi\u015fdir\u201d dem\u0259kl\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n \u00fcmd\u0259 x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti kimi onun h\u0259yatla birba\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. B\u0259li, \u0259d\u0259biyyat h\u0259yat\u0131n, xalq\u0131n v\u0259 c\u0259miyy\u0259tin g\u00fczg\u00fcs\u00fc olmal\u0131, h\u0259yatda ba\u015f ver\u0259n hadis\u0259l\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn obyektivliyi il\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyatda \u00f6z \u0259ksini tapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259 \u0259d\u0259biyyat \u0259b\u0259diya\u015farl\u0131q qazanmaqla b\u0259rab\u0259r onu oxuyan h\u0259r k\u0259s \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259v\u0259zsiz fayda k\u0259sb edir. Rus v\u0259 d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259ri bu prinsipi \u0259ld\u0259 \u0259sas meyar tutmaqla yana\u015f\u0131 \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n t\u0259rbiy\u0259vi v\u0259 idraki funksiyas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zd\u0259n uzaq qoymam\u0131\u015flar. A.S.Pu\u015fkin, M.Qorki, L.Tolstoy, F.M.Dostoyevski, A.P.\u00c7exov, N.\u0130.Qoqol v\u0259 ba\u015fqa rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7kin imzalar\u0131 \u201cinsan v\u0259 h\u0259yat\u201d kontekstind\u0259 rus xalq\u0131n\u0131 narahat ed\u0259n probleml\u0259r\u0259 toxunur, bu h\u0259yat\u0131n q\u00fcsurlu c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rini rus h\u0259yat\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 hadis\u0259 v\u0259 \u0259hvalatlarla, canl\u0131 obrazlarla a\u00e7\u0131b g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259ndir ki, rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 rus milli ruhunun, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sinin v\u0259 ya\u015fam t\u0259rzinin \u0259n bariz g\u00f6st\u0259ricisidir. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259tl\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n tarixi rus m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin tarixidir. Zaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u0259r\u0259yanlar\u0131, m\u00fchitin b\u00fct\u00fcn l\u00f6vh\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259d\u0259biyyatda \u0259ks eyl\u0259mi\u015fdir\u201d. Bax, budur XVII \u0259srd\u0259 formala\u015fan, az m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259bi-b\u0259dii fikrin\u0259 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n u\u011furu!
\n\t\u018fdib rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri olaraq rus milli vicdan\u0131n\u0131n b\u0259dii \u0259ksini, \u201cictimai v\u0259 m\u00fchiti \u00fcns\u00fcr\u201d amilini, t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilikd\u0259n uzaq m\u00f6vqe tutma\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 m\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7iliyi g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n rus zehniyy\u0259tinin v\u0259 rus milli vicdan\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdirm\u0259sini bu \u0259d\u0259biyyat \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca keyfiyy\u0259t hesab edirdi. O, \u201c\u0130ctimai v\u0259 m\u00fchiti \u00fcns\u00fcr\u201d konstekstind\u0259 is\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yati (realist) v\u0259 t\u0259sviri (deskriptiv) mahiyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sini qoyaraq rus h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri v\u0259 real l\u00f6vh\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259svir edildiyini bildirirdi. \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fo\u011flu \u201cta Pu\u015fkind\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq rus \u0259dibl\u0259ri ruslar\u0131 v\u0259 Rusiyan\u0131 oldu\u011fu kimi t\u0259svir etm\u0259kd\u0259dir\u201d fikirl\u0259ri il\u0259 faydal\u0131 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259nin davam etdirilm\u0259sini diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131r. O, \u201cm\u00fchiti \u00fcns\u00fcr\u201d m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 b\u0259z\u0259n rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin ifrata vararaq naturalist m\u00f6vqe s\u0259rgil\u0259m\u0259sini t\u0259nqid edir. \u018fdib naturalizmi rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cse\u00e7m\u0259\u201d, \u201cf\u0259rql\u0259ndirici sif\u0259ti\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r. B\u0259li, rus \u0259dibl\u0259rind\u0259n nadir tap\u0131lar ki, hans\u0131sa \u00f6z \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 v\u0259t\u0259ni Rusiya t\u0259bi\u0259ti t\u0259svir etm\u0259sin. \u0130st\u0259r ki\u00e7ik \u015feir par\u00e7as\u0131nda, ist\u0259r poema, ist\u0259rs\u0259 roman, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 dram olsun, f\u0259rq etm\u0259z, biz bu peyzaj t\u0259svirl\u0259ri il\u0259 rastla\u015f\u0131r\u0131q. H\u0259m\u00e7inin \u018f. A\u011fao\u011flu k\u0259nd h\u0259yat\u0131 m\u00f6vzusunun rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n i\u015fl\u0259k m\u00f6vzu oldu\u011funu x\u00fcsusil\u0259 diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. A.S.Pu\u015fkin, M.Qorki, L.Tolstoy, F.M.Dostoyevski rus k\u0259ndlisinin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fcks\u0259k m\u0259n\u0259vi al\u0259mini k\u00fcbar h\u0259yat\u0131n saxta s\u0259mimiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 qoyur. Uzun m\u00fcdd\u0259t d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda ingilis romantizminin \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259si C.Q.Bayronun t\u0259sirin\u0259 uyaraq t\u0259qlidi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259tirilirdi. T\u0259qlid\u00e7ilik problemin\u0259 dair \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y m\u0259\u015fhur rus t\u0259nqid\u00e7isi Savodnikin \u201ch\u0259r hank\u0131 bir mill\u0259tin \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 yaln\u0131z m\u00fcst\u0259qil v\u0259 \u015f\u0259xsi oldu\u011fu halda dig\u0259r \u0259d\u0259biyyatdak\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r kimi qiym\u0259tli v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r v\u00fccuda g\u0259tir\u0259 bil\u0259r\u201d fikirl\u0259rini \u0259sas g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k orijinal, xalq\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259m\u0259xsus c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rini \u0259ks etdir\u0259n \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n t\u0259r\u0259fdar\u0131 kimi \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f edirdi. H\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259n qaranl\u0131q t\u0259r\u0259fl\u0259rin\u0259 i\u015f\u0131q salan rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7ilik ba\u015fl\u0131ca keyfiyy\u0259tdir. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi yer tutan m\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7ilikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 fikirl\u0259rini \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 bel\u0259 bildirirdi: \u201cM\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7iliyi, nikbinliyi h\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259n q\u0259mli c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k, c\u0131l\u0131z bir m\u00f6vzuya m\u0259fkur\u0259vi mahiyy\u0259t verm\u0259k iqtidar\u0131 etibar\u0131 il\u0259 he\u00e7 bir \u0259d\u0259biyyat rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sin\u0259 varmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u201d. \u201cH\u0259r insanda bir i\u015f\u0131q var\u201d dey\u0259n Lev Tolstoyun bu m\u00f6vqeyi d\u0259 m\u0259hz m\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7ilikl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fn q\u0259ddar insanda bel\u0259 \u201cinsan i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d tapmaq ist\u0259yi rus \u0259dibl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00fcmumi bir amal olmu\u015fdur. H\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259n \u00e7\u0131x\u0131lmaz v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 onlar insan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r zaman bir \u00fcmid i\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir t\u0259s\u0259lli yeri qoyurlar.
\n\tB\u00fct\u00fcn bu deyil\u0259nl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n x\u0259lqi mahiyy\u0259tini qabardaraq bu \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n xalq\u0131n milli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259sini, onun ideal v\u0259 arzular\u0131n\u0131 ifad\u0259 etdiyini bildirir. Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck u\u011furlar\u0131ndan biri d\u0259 rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda qad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u00fcquq qazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Pu\u015fkinin ey\u015f-i\u015fr\u0259t vur\u011funu Yevgeni Onegini saf m\u0259h\u0259bb\u0259tl\u0259 sev\u0259n, lakin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sevgilisind\u0259n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ct\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r\u201dd\u0259n zamanla d\u0259rs \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131b Onegini kor-pe\u015fman ed\u0259n Tatyanas\u0131 (\u201cYevgeni Onegin\u201d),Qriboyedovun \u015fan-\u015f\u00f6hr\u0259tli, var-d\u00f6vl\u0259tli, yum\u015faq xasiyy\u0259tli \u0259r axtaran, ancaq bir yalan\u00e7\u0131ya aldanan Sofiyas\u0131 (\u201cA\u011f\u0131ldan b\u0259la\u201d), Tolstoyun azad sevgi qad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 timsal\u0131 olan \u201cAnna Karenina\u201ds\u0131, Dmitri Nexlyudovu g\u0259nclik s\u0259hvl\u0259rind\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc pe\u015fman etm\u0259yi bacaran, ona m\u0259n\u0259vi \u201cd\u0259rs\u201d ver\u0259nMaslovas\u0131 (\u201cDirilm\u0259\u201d), Dostoyevskinin cinay\u0259t t\u00f6r\u0259tmi\u015f Raskolnikovu m\u0259n\u0259vi \u201cc\u0259za\u201ddan xilas ed\u0259n Sonyas\u0131 (\u201cCinay\u0259t v\u0259 c\u0259za\u201d) rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131ndak\u0131 qad\u0131n fenomenini t\u0259c\u0259ss\u00fcm etdir\u0259n obrazlard\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259,\u018f. A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259rini m\u0259fkur\u0259\u00e7i (idealist), \u201c\u015f\u0259niy\u0259\u00e7i\u201d (realist), t\u0259bi\u0259t\u00e7i (naturalist), feminist v\u0259 \u201cm\u00fccahid\u0259\u00e7i\u201d keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.
\n\t\u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 tarixi d\u00f6vr\u0259: \u201cbirinci d\u00f6vr ruslar\u0131n xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 xristianl\u0131qla b\u0259rab\u0259r ilk yaz\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etdikl\u0259ri zamana q\u0259d\u0259r, y\u0259ni X \u0259sri \u2013 miladiyy\u0259y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam ed\u0259r; ikinci d\u00f6vr X \u0259srd\u0259n XIX \u0259srin ibtidalar\u0131na, y\u0259ni Pu\u015fkinin z\u00fchuruna q\u0259d\u0259r davam ed\u0259r; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6vr d\u0259 Pu\u015fkind\u0259n zaman\u0131m\u0131za q\u0259d\u0259r davam el\u0259yir\u201d ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir v\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n yaranma v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131 m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini bu aspektd\u0259 izl\u0259yirdi. Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n birinci d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc XVIII \u0259srd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131lar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n toplanan blinalar t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Onlarda q\u0259dim dastan v\u0259 \u0259fsan\u0259l\u0259r ehtiva olunur. Blinalar\u0131n meydana g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259 t\u00fcrk tatarlar\u0131n g\u00fccl\u00fc t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyini Stasov, Miller, Potanin kimi t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131larla yana\u015f\u0131 \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu da t\u0259sdiql\u0259yir. Bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 \u0259dib rus dastanlar\u0131nda q\u0259hr\u0259mana Boqat\u0131r (bahad\u0131r) l\u0259q\u0259binin verilm\u0259sini n\u00fcmun\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin o, \u201c\u0130qorun alay\u0131 haqq\u0131nda s\u00f6z\u201d (\u201c\u0130qor polkun dastan\u0131\u201d \u2013 T.V) dastan\u0131na dair bir kitabxanal\u0131q t\u0259dqiqat apar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, dastanda rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin ibtida hal\u0131nda ehtiva olundu\u011funu da qeyd edir. M\u0259\u015fhur qazax \u015fairi Oljas S\u00fcleymenov \u201cAz-ya\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 \u201c\u0130qor polkun dastan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n t\u00fcrkl\u0259rin birba\u015fa t\u0259siri \u0259sas\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dastan\u0131n m\u0259tnini \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259hlil\u0259 v\u0259 dil-\u00fcslub keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini t\u0259dqiq\u0259 c\u0259lb etm\u0259kl\u0259 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir.
\n\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n ikinci d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 t\u0259dric\u0259n yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u0259d\u0259biyyat n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rinin yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. Rus t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259rinin b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq o da bu d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 f\u0259sl\u0259 – \u201cKiyev\u201d (XIII \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r), \u201cMoskva\u201d (XIV \u0259srd\u0259n XVII \u0259sr\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r), \u201cyenil\u0259\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 intibah\u201d (XVII \u0259srd\u0259n Pu\u015fkin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r) d\u00f6vrl\u0259rin\u0259 ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u201cKiyev f\u0259sli\u201d ruslar\u0131n Bizansdan xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131 q\u0259bul etm\u0259si v\u0259 bu dinin t\u0259siri il\u0259 Kiyev knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na daxil olmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u015flan\u0131r. Rus xalq\u0131n\u0131n ictimai-siyasi, \u0259d\u0259bi-m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131nda xristian dinin hakim m\u00f6vqe tutdu\u011fu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 dini m\u0259tnl\u0259r \u2013 ilahil\u0259r, x\u00fctb\u0259l\u0259r, moiz\u0259l\u0259r \u0259sas t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu h\u0259m d\u0259 kils\u0259 papalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u0259nin\u0259 yaz\u0131lan, onlar\u0131n t\u0259rc\u00fcmeyi-hallar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259ks olundu\u011fu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin \u2013 salnam\u0259l\u0259rin yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirirdi. \u201cKiyev f\u0259sli\u201d salnam\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n savay\u0131 s\u0259yah\u0259tnam\u0259l\u0259ri d\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhurdur. Onlar\u0131n da \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259, s\u00f6zs\u00fcz ki, xristianl\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcst\u0259sna rolu var idi. Beyt\u00fcl-m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259si \u2013 Konstantinopolu (\u0130stanbul \u2013 T.V) ziyar\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 ged\u0259nl\u0259r s\u0259yah\u0259t zaman\u0131 etdiyi qeydl\u0259ri s\u0259yah\u0259tnam\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yazard\u0131lar.
\nRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cMoskva f\u0259sli\u201dni \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu dur\u011funluq d\u00f6vr\u00fc olaraq s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir. Q\u0131z\u0131l Ordunun istilas\u0131na m\u0259ruz qalan ruslar kils\u0259y\u0259 s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 din xadiml\u0259rini v\u0259 xalq\u0131 ram ed\u0259n Moskva knyazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 istibdad v\u0259 m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 siyas\u0259ti y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u018fd\u0259biyyat \u00e7arizm v\u0259 \u0130van Qrozn\u0131 istibdad\u0131na qar\u015f\u0131 t\u0259nziml\u0259 kils\u0259 xadiml\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cProsvetitel\u201d, \u201cMinei\u201d, \u201cStepaniya kniqa\u201d kimi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t idi. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 n\u0259inki m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi \u0259d\u0259biyyatdan s\u00f6hb\u0259t ged\u0259 bilm\u0259z. H\u0259tta \u201c\u015f\u0259xsi fikir\u201d p\u0259rv\u0259rd\u0259 etm\u0259k c\u0259sar\u0259tind\u0259 bulunan h\u0259r k\u0259s edam k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xard\u0131\u201d. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun bu qeydi verm\u0259kl\u0259 h\u0259min d\u00f6vrd\u0259 z\u00fclm v\u0259 istibdad\u0131n hans\u0131 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi.
\n\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6vr\u00fcn \u2013 \u201cYenil\u0259\u015fm\u0259 v\u0259 intibah\u201d\u0131n \u0259sas s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi c\u0259h\u0259ti Avropa \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 bayronizmi t\u0259qlid v\u0259 onlardan t\u0259dric\u0259n t\u0259sirl\u0259m\u0259dir. Bu d\u00f6vr\u00fc \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u00e7ik qism\u0259 – \u201cyeni Kiyev\u201d, \u201cLomonosov\u201d, \u201cKaramzin\u201d d\u00f6vrl\u0259rin\u0259 ay\u0131r\u0131r. \u018fdib m\u0259rk\u0259zi hakimiyy\u0259tin Moskvaya ke\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 baxmayaraq Kiyev \u015f\u0259h\u0259rinin h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259d\u0259ni m\u0259rk\u0259z oldu\u011funu qeyd edir v\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cYeni Kiyev\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 bir-birin\u0259 zidd iki q\u00fcvv\u0259nin m\u00fcbariz\u0259 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 katolik t\u0259bli\u011fat\u0131 il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131 ona qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu bildirirdi ki, katolizm\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259kat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 T\u00f6vrat v\u0259 \u0130ncilin t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259sind\u0259 burax\u0131lm\u0131\u015f x\u0259talar\u0131n, cahil katibl\u0259rin k\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrm\u0259 zaman\u0131 etdiyi s\u0259hvl\u0259rin a\u015fkarlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n t\u0259shihi i\u015fi t\u0259\u015fkil edirdi. O, h\u0259m\u00e7inin h\u0259min d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ictimai f\u0259allar\u0131n\u0131 \u2013 Slavinetskini, Simeon Polotskini, Silvestri, Yurki Krijanskini, Stefan Yavorskini v\u0259 Feofan Prokopovi\u00e7i Q\u0259rb m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tind\u0259n al\u0131nan \u00fcns\u00fcrl\u0259rin daxil edil\u0259r\u0259k yeni intibah c\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 a\u00e7an simalar kimi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir. Bu h\u0259r\u0259kat Kiyev m\u00fchacirl\u0259rinin say\u0259sind\u0259 \u015eimali Rusiya il\u0259 C\u0259nubi Rusiya aras\u0131nda \u0259d\u0259bi-m\u0259d\u0259ni k\u00f6rp\u00fc rolunu oynad\u0131.
\n\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cLomonosov\u201d v\u0259 \u201cKaramzin\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n \u0259d\u0259bi-m\u0259d\u0259ni hadis\u0259l\u0259rin B\u00f6y\u00fck Petro (I Pyotr \u2013 T.V) v\u0259 onun varisl\u0259ri \u0259traf\u0131nda getdiyi bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat verir. I Pyotr d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Peterburq akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas\u0131 qoyulmas\u0131 Rusiyada yeni bir hadis\u0259 idi. Akademiya rus \u0259d\u0259bi v\u0259 ictimai fikrinin yeni \u015f\u0259kil almas\u0131nda misilsiz rol oynam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn akademik M.V.Lomonosovun ad\u0131 il\u0259 verilm\u0259sin\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rd\u0259 ayd\u0131nl\u0131q g\u0259tirir: \u201cBu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda, d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131n da d\u0259lal\u0259t etdiyi kimi, Lomonosov durur. Lomonosovun \u0259traf\u0131nda Qantemir, Trediakovski, Sumorokov, akademiya \u00fczvl\u0259rind\u0259n alman \u015elosser v\u0259 Miller v\u0259 s. ikinci d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 \u00e7oxlu m\u00fch\u0259rrir v\u0259 \u0259dibl\u0259r topla\u015f\u0131rlar\u201d. I Pyotrun yenilik\u00e7i siyas\u0259ti varisl\u0259ri \u2013 Yelizaveta v\u0259 Katerin (Yekaterina \u2013 T.V) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n davam etdirilmi\u015fdir. Bel\u0259 ki, ikinci Yekaterina Leybnits, Volter kimi ictimai xadiml\u0259rl\u0259 m\u0259ktubla\u015f\u0131r, onlardan Rusiyan\u0131 h\u0259rt\u0259r\u0259fli inki\u015faf etdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn fikirl\u0259r al\u0131rd\u0131. Onun d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 yeni tipli m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259r a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, rus \u0259silzad\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 m\u0259nsub olan g\u0259ncl\u0259ra t\u0259hsil almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Avropaya g\u00f6nd\u0259rilirdi. Yenilikl\u0259r bir-birini davaml\u0131 olaraq izl\u0259yir v\u0259 t\u0259dric\u0259n rus ictimai v\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi fikri yeni inki\u015faf m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoyurdu. \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y D.\u0130.Fonvizinin \u201cHedorosl\u201d \u0259s\u0259ri istisna olmaqla, 1726-ci ild\u0259n 1791-ci il\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259rki \u201cLomonosov\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc Avropan\u0131 t\u0259qlid d\u00f6vr\u00fc kimi xarakteriz\u0259 edirdi. \u201cLomonosov\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 \u0259d\u0259bi prosesind\u0259 yunan v\u0259 lat\u0131n dill\u0259rind\u0259 olan Avropa v\u0259 d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131ndan rus dilin\u0259 \u00e7evril\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259r x\u00fcsusil\u0259 diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lb edirdi. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n yeni d\u00f6vr\u0259 ke\u00e7id almas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259f\u0259kk\u00fcr v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259td\u0259ki inqilabi h\u0259r\u0259katla ba\u011flayaraq bildirirdi: \u201cT\u0259f\u0259kk\u00fcr v\u0259 hissiyyat t\u0259rzi, i\u015f \u00fcsullar\u0131 uzun, m\u00fch\u00fcm bir inqilab d\u00f6vr\u00fc ke\u00e7irir v\u0259 Pu\u015fkinl\u0259 ba\u015flayan m\u00fcst\u0259qil v\u0259 orijinal rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n z\u00fchuru \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259tin bir z\u0259min haz\u0131rlan\u0131r\u201d.Q\u0259rb-Avropa \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131ndan s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 faydalanma rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn zamanla \u00f6z b\u0259hr\u0259sini verdi.
\nAkademiya \u00fczvl\u0259rinin h\u0259m t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259l\u0259r etdiyi, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n, q\u0259sid\u0259 (oda), tragediya v\u0259 dastan janrlar\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259qil \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259r yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lumat ver\u0259n \u0259dib bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri \u0259d\u0259bi-b\u0259dii c\u0259h\u0259td\u0259n naqis hesab edirdi. Bu \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin m\u00f6vzular\u0131n\u0131n klassik \u0259d\u0259biyyatdan al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 vaxtil\u0259 frans\u0131z n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259\u00e7isi Nikola Bualonun m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirdiyi \u201cd\u00f6rd v\u0259hd\u0259t\u201d prinsipin\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 q\u00fcsurlu c\u0259h\u0259t olaraq g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. Klassizmin \u201cd\u00f6rd v\u0259hd\u0259t\u201d prinsipi yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131ya hadis\u0259l\u0259ri geni\u015f zaman daxilind\u0259, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259kanlarda v\u0259 dinamik h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t hal\u0131nda, \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li s\u00fcjet x\u0259ttind\u0259 t\u0259svir etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan vermirdi. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 klassik \u0259d\u0259biyyatdan m\u00f6vzu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 t\u0259nqid etm\u0259si onun m\u00fcasirlik konsepsiyas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Onun b\u0259dii \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 real hadis\u0259l\u0259rin romantik z\u0259mind\u0259 \u0259ks etdirilm\u0259sini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcks\u0259, publisistik m\u0259qal\u0259 v\u0259 yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda is\u0259 realizm \u0259sas \u00fcns\u00fcr s\u0259ciyy\u0259sini al\u0131r. M\u00fcasirlikd\u0259n uzaqla\u015fmamaq, \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n m\u00fcasir h\u0259yat\u0131n b\u0259dii \u0259ksi olmas\u0131 fikri \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun \u0259d\u0259bi-t\u0259nqidi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rinin t\u0259m\u0259lind\u0259 dayan\u0131r. \u018fdib h\u0259m\u00e7inin rus t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259rinin bu \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n \u201cLomonosov\u201d v\u0259 \u201cKaramzin\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fc milli \u0259d\u0259biyyat s\u0131ras\u0131na daxil etm\u0259dikl\u0259rini d\u0259 bildirir. Ancaq bu iki m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n yeni \u0259saslarla, yeni z\u0259mind\u0259 qurulmas\u0131nda ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vr\u00fc hesab olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun \u201cLomonosov\u201d d\u00f6vr\u00fc il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 verdiyi \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259ni a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 yekunla\u015fd\u0131rmaq olar:
\n1.\t\u018fd\u0259biyyat\u0131n dinin t\u0259sirind\u0259n xilas olaraq m\u00fcst\u0259qil istiqam\u0259t almas\u0131.
\n2.\tN\u0259sr v\u0259 n\u0259zmd\u0259 inqilab\u0131n ba\u015f verm\u0259si. N\u0259zmd\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi sillabik v\u0259zn \u0259v\u0259zin\u0259 rus dilin\u0259 daha uy\u011fun g\u0259l\u0259n tonik v\u0259znin i\u015fl\u0259dilm\u0259si, n\u0259sr\u0259 is\u0259 dini kitablar\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259ski slavyan dilinin yerin\u0259 xalq\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131 dilin g\u0259tirilm\u0259si idi.
\n3.\tK\u00f6hn\u0259 m\u00f6vzular\u0131 \u0259d\u0259biyyata g\u0259tirm\u0259kd\u0259n \u0259l g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n rus \u0259dibl\u0259rinin m\u00fcasir h\u0259yatdan m\u00f6vzu almas\u0131.
\n\t\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu m\u0259\u015fhur rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 N.M.Karamzinin ad\u0131n\u0131 da\u015f\u0131yan bu d\u00f6vr\u00fcn 1791-ci ild\u0259n \u2013 Karamzinin \u201cBir rus s\u0259yyah\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259ktublar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n \u00e7ap olunmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131b 1821-ci il\u0259 – A.S.Pu\u015fkinin \u201cRuslan v\u0259 Lyudmilla\u201d \u0259s\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r davam etdiyini bildirir. \u018fdib Karamzinin rus \u0259d\u0259biyyatdak\u0131 m\u00f6vqeyinin \u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fch\u00fcm inqilabla m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olundu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131r: \u201cBu inqilablardan birisi Karamzin say\u0259sind\u0259 sentimentalizm t\u0259rzinin Rusiyada o zaman psevdoklassizmi tamam\u0259n modadan \u00e7\u0131xarmas\u0131ndan ibar\u0259tdir… Karamzinin etdiyi ikinci m\u00fch\u00fcm inqilab dil\u0259 aiddir. Karamzin m\u0259ktublar\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0259ski slavyan k\u0259lm\u0259l\u0259rini, lat\u0131n-alman t\u0259rkibl\u0259rini, arxaizml\u0259ri t\u0259rk edir. Bu m\u0259ktublar yaz\u0131 dilini canl\u0131 dil\u0259 yax\u0131nla\u015fd\u0131rmaq x\u00fcsusunda m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l bir \u00f6rn\u0259kdir. Karamzinin icra etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc inqilab tarix\u0259 aiddir. \u0130lk \u0259vv\u0259l tarixi bir elm kimi al\u0131b m\u0259naland\u0131ran v\u0259 bu m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti ba\u015fqalar\u0131na da q\u0259bul etdir\u0259n Karamzindir\u201d. Karamzin tarix\u00e7i \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn elm v\u0259 h\u0259qiq\u0259t qay\u011f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0259km\u0259kd\u0259n ba\u015fqa v\u0259t\u0259np\u0259rv\u0259rlik, moralistiklik, m\u00fc\u0259llimlik v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131q x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 d\u0259 malik olma\u011f\u0131 vacib say\u0131r.
\n\u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 h\u0259m\u00e7inin Karamzinin n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rinin n\u00f6qsanl\u0131 c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259 s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, onun Rusiya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qurtulu\u015fu ke\u00e7mi\u015f\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131qda axtarmas\u0131, \u0130van Qrozn\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259rini elmi \u0259sasda verm\u0259si, fikirl\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fchafiz\u0259kar m\u00f6vqed\u0259 olmas\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259r c\u00fcr ani inqilablara qar\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 bu s\u0259ciyy\u0259y\u0259 aid edilir. Karamzini \u201cpanslavizmin m\u00fcjd\u0259\u00e7isi\u201d hesab ed\u0259n \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu \u0130.A.Kr\u0131lov v\u0259 A.S.Qriboyedovun yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6vr\u00fcn dig\u0259r yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan x\u00fcsusil\u0259 se\u00e7ildiyini bildirir. Bu iki yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pu\u015fkin d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 t\u0259sad\u00fcf etdiyind\u0259n \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu \u0259s\u0259rin \u201cPu\u015fkin d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fcq\u0259ddim\u0259si\u201d hiss\u0259sind\u0259 onlar\u0131n f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259n geni\u015f b\u0259hs a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.
\n\t\u018fs\u0259rin \u201cPu\u015fkin d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fcq\u0259ddim\u0259si\u201d hiss\u0259sind\u0259 \u0259dib \u0259vv\u0259ld\u0259 qeyd olunan m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 q\u0131sa ekskurs edir v\u0259 onlara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcnasib\u0259tini yekun icmal \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 verir. Burada rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda ged\u0259n \u201cy\u0131x\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d v\u0259 \u201colu\u015f\u201d prosesl\u0259ri z\u0259minind\u0259 \u0259n\u0259n\u0259 v\u0259 m\u00fcasirlik problemin\u0259 d\u0259 toxunur: \u201cH\u0259qiq\u0259t halda y\u0131x\u0131l\u0131\u015f v\u0259 olu\u015f eyni \u0259m\u0259liyy\u0259dir, eyni q\u00fcvv\u0259tin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif t\u0259zah\u00fcrl\u0259ridir. X\u0259rab\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7oxlar\u0131 da\u015f\u0131d\u0131qlar\u0131 canl\u0131 ruh say\u0259sind\u0259 yeni amil v\u0259 \u00fcns\u00fcrl\u0259rl\u0259 birl\u0259\u015f\u0259r\u0259k yenid\u0259n h\u0259yat\u0131n \u0259saslar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil ed\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259r… B\u00f6hranlar \u0259snas\u0131nda m\u00fcasirl\u0259r \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259t etibaril\u0259 o iki \u0259m\u0259liyy\u0259ni ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 z\u0259nn ed\u0259r\u0259k iki b\u00f6y\u00fck qism\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bir qismi ke\u00e7mi\u015f\u0259 saplan\u0131b qal\u0131r v\u0259 m\u00fcvazin\u0259tini, ah\u0259ngi, xilas\u0131 o ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcr, dig\u0259r qismi is\u0259 nicat v\u0259 xilas\u0131 y\u0131xmaqda arar v\u0259 ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 m\u00f6vcudu, ke\u00e7mi\u015fi y\u0131xan amill\u0259r\u0259 sar\u0131l\u0131b qal\u0131rlar. Avropadan g\u0259l\u0259n ruzigarlar y\u0131x\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r, ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259l\u0259n s\u0259dalar is\u0259 m\u00fchafiz\u0259kard\u0131r. Odur ki, yenilik\u00e7il\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Avropadan \u0259s\u0259n h\u0259r hans\u0131 c\u0259r\u0259yan h\u00f6rm\u0259t\u0259 layiq v\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s oldu\u011fu kimi, m\u00fchafiz\u0259karlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259n g\u0259l\u0259n s\u0259dalar m\u00fcbar\u0259kdir. H\u0259r iki t\u0259r\u0259f d\u0259 i\u00e7ind\u0259 bulundu\u011fu m\u00fcvazin\u0259t v\u0259 ah\u0259ng amill\u0259rini tapa bilm\u0259dikl\u0259rind\u0259n o ah\u0259ng v\u0259 m\u00fcvazin\u0259ti t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilikd\u0259 aray\u0131rlar. \u0130st\u0259r Avropan\u0131, ist\u0259r ke\u00e7mi\u015fi t\u0259qlid olsun! …. Yenilik v\u0259 \u0259skilik yoxdur. M\u00fcasirl\u0259\u015fm\u0259k is\u0259 ke\u00e7mi\u015fin bu g\u00fcnl\u0259 sintezind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir\u201d.
\nM\u0259\u015fhur rus yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130.A.Kr\u0131lov v\u0259 Qriboyedovun yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti \u0259s\u0259rin bu b\u00f6lm\u0259sind\u0259 geni\u015f t\u0259hlil\u0259 c\u0259lb edilmi\u015fdir. \u00d6nc\u0259 \u0259dib bu iki yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n rus \u0259d\u0259bi t\u0259nqidi fikrind\u0259 \u201cmilli istiqam\u0259tin r\u0259hb\u0259ri\u201d \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan b\u0259hs a\u00e7araq rus m\u0259fkur\u0259sinin onlar\u0131n yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istiqlaliyy\u0259t qazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rinin sad\u0259 dild\u0259 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 qeyd edir. O, m\u0259\u015fhur rus t\u0259msil v\u0259 komediya ustas\u0131 \u0130.A.Kr\u0131lovun Jan de Lafontend\u0259n \u201cPalamut v\u0259 \u00e7ub\u201d t\u0259msilini sad\u0259 rus \u015fiv\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 etm\u0259si il\u0259 \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259t \u0259ld\u0259 etdiyin\u0259 diqq\u0259ti y\u00f6n\u0259ltm\u0259kl\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rin k\u00fctl\u0259y\u0259 sira\u0259t etm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onlar\u0131n canl\u0131, dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan dild\u0259 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n vacibliyini vur\u011fulay\u0131r. \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y \u0130van Kr\u0131lovun t\u0259msill\u0259rini mahiyy\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 iki qrupa ay\u0131r\u0131r: t\u0259rbiy\u0259vi (didaktik), h\u0259cvi (satirik). \u0130.Kr\u0131lov h\u0259cv xarakterli t\u0259msill\u0259r\u0259 daha \u00e7ox \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck verir. O, s\u0259rt t\u0259nqidl\u0259rd\u0259n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn q\u0259d\u0259r uzaq duraraq fikirl\u0259rini bir istehza, bir ironiya vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131r. Yaz\u0131\u00e7\u0131 h\u0259cvl\u0259rini \u00fc\u00e7 qisimd\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r: \u00fcmumb\u0259\u015f\u0259ri n\u00f6qsanlara, yerli rus n\u00f6qsanlar\u0131na v\u0259 tarixi hadis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259sr olunanlar. \u00dcmumb\u0259\u015f\u0259ri n\u00f6qsanlara xudbinlik, xudp\u0259s\u0259ndlik, yelbeyinlik, aldatmaq, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc m\u0259dh etm\u0259k; yerli rus n\u00f6qsanlar\u0131na pis \u0259m\u0259l, r\u00fc\u015fv\u0259txorluq, ka\u011f\u0131zbazl\u0131q, \u0259dal\u0259tsizlik, t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilik v\u0259 t\u0259rbiy\u0259 n\u00f6qsanlar\u0131 daxil edilir. Tarixi hadis\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259sr olunan t\u0259msill\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 tarixi \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin b\u0259dii obraz\u0131 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131n q\u00fcsurlu c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri satirik dill\u0259 t\u0259nqid olunmu\u015fdur. Kr\u0131lovu \u201cruslar\u0131n Xoca N\u0259sr\u0259ddini\u201d adland\u0131ran \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu onun yerli xalq aras\u0131nda m\u0259\u015fhurluq qazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 amill\u0259 – xalq\u00e7\u0131l\u0131q, h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u00e7ilik v\u0259 s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131qla ba\u011flay\u0131r. \u0130.A.Kr\u0131lovun s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131q m\u0259har\u0259tinin yaln\u0131z Jan de Lafontenil\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edil\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi q\u0259na\u0259tind\u0259dir.
\nA.S.Qriboyedov yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131z bir \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259 – \u201cA\u011f\u0131ldan b\u0259la\u201d (\u201c\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0430\u201d) m\u0259nzum komediyas\u0131 il\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131nda x\u00fcsusi yer tutmu\u015fdur. \u018fs\u0259r Az\u0259rbaycan dilin\u0259 \u018fl\u0259kb\u0259r Ziyatay t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259rc\u00fcm\u0259 olunmu\u015f, \u201cA\u011f\u0131ldan b\u0259la\u201d ad\u0131 il\u0259 2006-c\u0131 ild\u0259 \u00e7ap edilmi\u015fdir. Lakin \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu \u0259s\u0259ri \u201cA\u011fl\u0131n b\u0259las\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259qdim etmi\u015fdir. O, \u0259s\u0259ri \u201cpsevdoklassizm m\u0259kt\u0259bi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f qaydalara riay\u0259t olunmayaraq s\u0259rb\u0259st yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u0259nzum komediya\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131r. M\u00f6vzusunu canl\u0131 h\u0259yatdan alaraq yazan v\u0259 do\u011fulub b\u00f6y\u00fcd\u00fcy\u00fc, boya-ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Moskva c\u0259miyy\u0259tini real l\u00f6vh\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259svir ed\u0259n Qriboyedov rus \u0259d\u0259bi s\u0259n\u0259tin\u0259 s\u0259rb\u0259stlik meyar\u0131n\u0131 g\u0259tirdiyin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u0259dib t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259qdir edilir. A.S.Qriboyedov s\u0259n\u0259tkarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n biri d\u0259 \u201cA\u011f\u0131ldan b\u0259la\u201dda h\u0259qiqi tipl\u0259r \u2013 v\u0259zif\u0259, r\u00fctb\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r c\u00fcr al\u00e7aql\u0131\u011fa \u0259l atan, \u201cyar\u0131nma\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 pe\u015f\u0259 se\u00e7\u0259n \u201cqulluq\u201d adamlar\u0131n\u0131n Famusov v\u0259Skalozubun, \u201cki\u00e7ik r\u00fctb\u0259\u201dd\u0259n ucalmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn katibin q\u0131z\u0131 il\u0259 sevgi m\u00fcnasib\u0259ti quranlar\u0131n Mol\u00e7alinin v\u0259 \u00f6z c\u0259miyy\u0259ti t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u201cd\u0259li\u201d adland\u0131r\u0131lan m\u00fct\u0259r\u0259qqi fikirli g\u0259ncl\u0259rin is\u0259 \u00c7atskinin timsal\u0131nda obraz s\u0259ciyy\u0259sini almas\u0131d\u0131r. Kr\u0131lov dilini komediyaya g\u0259tirm\u0259k v\u0259 sad\u0259 rus dilind\u0259 yazmaq A.S.Qriboyedovun b\u00f6y\u00fck u\u011furu hesab edilm\u0259lidir. Komediya bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259\u015fhur rus t\u0259nqid\u00e7isi V.Q.Belinski d\u0259 olduqca y\u00fcks\u0259k fikirl\u0259r bildirmi\u015fdi: \u201cQriboyedovun komediyas\u0131 … q\u00fcvv\u0259tli istedad\u0131n, d\u0259rin a\u011fl\u0131n m\u0259hsulu olmaq etibaril\u0259 he\u00e7 bir t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilik, yalan\u00e7\u0131 motivl\u0259r v\u0259 s\u00fcni boyalara malik olmayan, h\u0259m \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259 v\u0259 h\u0259m d\u0259 ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 hiss\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259, h\u0259m s\u00fcjeti, h\u0259m xarakterl\u0259ri, h\u0259m ehtiraslar\u0131, h\u0259m h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259ti, h\u0259m fikirl\u0259ri, h\u0259m d\u0259 dili ba\u015fdan-aya\u011fa rus h\u0259yat\u0131n\u0131n d\u0259rin h\u0259qiq\u0259tini da\u015f\u0131yan birinci rus komediyas\u0131 idi\u201d. Professor M\u0259mm\u0259d C\u0259f\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rin t\u0259siredici q\u00fcvv\u0259sin\u0259 x\u00fcsusil\u0259 diqq\u0259ti c\u0259lb edir v\u0259 onu \u201c20-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 a\u011f\u0131llara \u00e7ox q\u00fcvv\u0259tli t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n, g\u0259nc n\u0259slin m\u00f6vcud siyasi-ictimai qurulu\u015fa qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcxalif\u0259t ruhunda m\u00fch\u00fcm rol oynayan y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259n\u0259t \u0259s\u0259ri\u201d hesab edirdi.
\nRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u201cPu\u015fkin d\u00f6vr\u00fc\u201d rus t\u0259nqid\u00e7il\u0259rinin d\u0259 qeyd etdiyi kimi, \u201crus milli \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n banisi\u201d hesab olunan A.S.Pu\u015fkin v\u0259 s\u0259l\u0259fl\u0259rinin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131q f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini \u0259ks etdirir. \u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A.S.Pu\u015fkinin \u0259d\u0259bi f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini iki d\u00f6vrd\u0259: t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilik v\u0259 intibah d\u00f6vrl\u0259rind\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130ngilis romantik \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n v\u0259 d\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259bi prosesin\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n C.Q.Bayronun yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pu\u015fkin\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259sirsiz \u00f6t\u00fc\u015fm\u0259di. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu Onun \u201cRuslan v\u0259 Lyudmilla\u201d, \u201cQafqaz \u0259siri\u201d, \u201cBax\u00e7asaray \u00e7e\u015fm\u0259si\u201d, \u201cQara\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d poemalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259qlid\u00e7ilik d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri olaraq s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir v\u0259 onlar\u0131n Bayron v\u0259 \u015eatobrian\u0131n t\u0259siri il\u0259 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirir. N\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 alsaq ki, d\u00f6rd poema Pu\u015fkinin ilkin d\u00f6vr yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0259hat\u0259 edir, onlar\u0131n t\u0259sirl\u0259nm\u0259 v\u0259 t\u0259qlid\u0259 m\u0259ruz qalmas\u0131 t\u0259bii qar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r. O, vaxtil\u0259 rus t\u0259nqidi fikrind\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259ks-s\u0259daya s\u0259b\u0259b olan Pu\u015fkinin \u201cRuslan v\u0259 Lyudmilla\u201d \u0259s\u0259rinin italyan \u015fairi Aristonun \u201cA\u015fiq Roland\u201d v\u0259 \u201cQudurmu\u015f Roland\u201d, alman \u015fairi Viland\u0131n \u201cObaron\u201d, Volterin \u201cOrlean bakir\u0259si\u201d kimi \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259sirl\u0259nm\u0259 v\u0259 onlar\u0131 t\u0259qlid yolu il\u0259 \u0259rs\u0259y\u0259 g\u0259ldiyini yaz\u0131r. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu \u0259dibin \u201cRuslan v\u0259 Lyudmilla\u201d poemas\u0131n\u0131n dilini u\u011furlu hesab edir, sad\u0259 v\u0259 g\u00f6z\u0259l \u00fcslubda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, t\u0259svirl\u0259rin canl\u0131 v\u0259 parlaq sur\u0259td\u0259 \u0259ks etdirildiyini bildirir. O, \u201cRuslan v\u0259 Lyudmilla\u201d Pu\u015fkinin \u0259n z\u0259if \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n birisidir. \u018fs\u0259rin bir \u00e7ox yerl\u0259ri s\u00fcni v\u0259 qeyri-t\u0259biidir\u201d s\u00f6zl\u0259ri il\u0259 is\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rin z\u0259if c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259rini d\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rir.
\n\u018fs\u0259rd\u0259 \u201cy\u0259s, k\u00fcsk\u00fcnl\u00fck\u201d v\u0259 \u201c\u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 p\u0259r\u0259sti\u015f\u201d bayronizmin iki \u0259sas s\u0259ciyy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259ti g\u00f6st\u0259rilir: \u201c… M\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131n s\u00fcniliyind\u0259n h\u00fcsul\u0259 g\u0259lmi\u015f yor\u011funluq, f\u0259rdiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin \u0259zilm\u0259si, m\u0259n\u0259n v\u0259 \u0259xlaq\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn y\u00fcks\u0259k h\u0259dd\u0259 \u00e7atmas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 Bayron \u00fcmum\u0259n m\u0259d\u0259ni b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 bir nifr\u0259t hissi t\u0259lqin edir, m\u0259d\u0259ni b\u0259\u015f\u0259riyy\u0259ti miskinlik v\u0259 acizliy\u0259, \u0259sar\u0259t v\u0259 z\u0259lilliy\u0259 m\u0259hkum g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130kinci x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259t \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259t\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 p\u0259r\u0259sti\u015fdir. M\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tin s\u00fcni qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mayan, m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131n f\u0259rdl\u0259r \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 qoydu\u011fu maddi v\u0259 m\u0259n\u0259vi z\u0259ncirl\u0259ri q\u0131ran \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tl\u0259r Bayronun q\u0259hr\u0259manlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar q\u00fcvv\u0259tli irad\u0259y\u0259 malik, \u00f6nl\u0259rin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan h\u0259r mane\u0259ni y\u0131x\u0131b atan, \u00f6z f\u0259rdi h\u00fcrriyy\u0259tl\u0259rini m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259sl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259r\u0259k ictimai \u015f\u0259rt v\u0259 h\u00fcdudlar\u0131n f\u00f6vq\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan insanlard\u0131r. Bunlar \u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 p\u0259r\u0259sti\u015f etdikl\u0259rind\u0259m, t\u0259bii ki, \u0259traflar\u0131nda olanlara h\u0259qar\u0259t v\u0259 nifr\u0259tl\u0259 bax\u0131rlar\u201d.
\n\u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu \u201cBayronizm Moskvada rus mujiki \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ingilis toqqas\u0131na, \u00fcst geyimin\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259yirdi\u201d dey\u0259r\u0259k onu x\u0259yali, s\u00fcni bir t\u0259zah\u00fcr adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Pu\u015fkin \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 bayronizmin t\u0259siri h\u0259tta onun m\u0259\u015fhur \u201cYevgeni Onegin\u201d m\u0259nzum roman\u0131nda dueld\u0259 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n Vladimir Lenskinin m\u0259zar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259svirind\u0259 d\u0259 duyulur. C.Q.Bayronun \u201cAbidos g\u0259lini\u201dnd\u0259 S\u0259lim v\u0259 Z\u00fcleyxan\u0131n q\u0259bri aras\u0131nda bit\u0259n qara tikan C\u0259f\u0259rin simvolik obraz\u0131 olaraq verilirs\u0259, Vladimir Lenskinin m\u0259zar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn\u0259 \u0259yil\u0259n, sanki ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 sallam\u0131\u015f budaq g\u00fcnahkar Onegini s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ndirir. Do\u011frudur, \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flunun bu \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 Pu\u015fkinin intibah d\u00f6vr\u00fc yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca t\u0259hlil v\u0259 t\u0259svir olunmasa da, \u201cQara\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d poemas\u0131n\u0131n sonunda veril\u0259n par\u00e7a vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u0259s\u0259rin t\u0259qlid\u00e7i ruhdan tamamil\u0259 azad olaraq rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni mahiyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. A.S.Pu\u015fkinin bayronizm x\u0259st\u0259liyind\u0259n yaxa qurtar\u0131b intibah d\u00f6vr\u00fcn\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoymas\u0131 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n yeni ax\u0131n v\u0259 yeni istiqam\u0259tli inki\u015faf tapmas\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b oldu. Pu\u015fkin yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rus dili sad\u0259lik v\u0259 poetiklik sintezind\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131na yeni motivl\u0259r, canl\u0131 obrazlar, t\u0259bii duy\u011fular daxil olur.G\u00f6rk\u0259mli \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u015f\u00fcnas alim M\u0259mm\u0259d C\u0259f\u0259r A.S.Pu\u015fkinin yenilik\u00e7i m\u00f6vqeyin\u0259 diqq\u0259ti y\u00f6n\u0259ld\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cPu\u015fkin b\u00f6y\u00fck novator \u015fair idi v\u0259 \u00f6z \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131na bir yenilik, t\u0259z\u0259lik, t\u0259rav\u0259t g\u0259tirmi\u015fdir; yeni tipli realist v\u0259 romantik \u015feirin, realist n\u0259srin, y\u00fcks\u0259k m\u0259zmunlu siyasi lirikan\u0131n, m\u0259nzum roman\u0131n, tarixi povestin, m\u0259nzum dram\u0131n v\u0259 hekay\u0259nin g\u00f6z\u0259l n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rini yaratm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u201d.
\n\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flunun rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259dqiqin\u0259 h\u0259sr olunan \u201cRus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcmumi s\u0259ciyy\u0259l\u0259ri\u201d adl\u0131 ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ibar\u0259t \u0259s\u0259ri rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n yaranma v\u0259 inki\u015faf tarixini izl\u0259m\u0259k, onun m\u0259xsusi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u0259l\u0259d olmaq bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t da\u015f\u0131maqla b\u0259rab\u0259r milli \u0259d\u0259biyyatda rus \u0259d\u0259bi \u0259n\u0259n\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259sasl\u0131 material verir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya \u0259d\u0259bi prosesin\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259n rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 d\u0259 XIX \u0259sr rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131 Avropa v\u0259 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6rk\u0259mli fikir adamlar\u0131n\u0131n diqq\u0259tini nec\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0259kmi\u015fdis\u0259, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259\u018fhm\u0259d b\u0259y A\u011fao\u011flu v\u0259 xalq\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dig\u0259r m\u00fct\u0259ff\u0259kirl\u0259rind\u0259 bu \u0259d\u0259bi inki\u015faf prosesini izl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 dair bir maraq oyanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131. \u018f.A\u011fao\u011flu rus \u0259d\u0259biyyat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259nqidi probleml\u0259rin\u0259 x\u00fcsusi h\u0259ssasl\u0131qla yana\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onun g\u00f6rk\u0259mli n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rinin h\u0259yat v\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pub"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31588","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=31588"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31588\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31592,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31588\/revisions\/31592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=31588"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=31588"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edebiyyat-az.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=31588"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}